📘 Uchunguzi Kuhusu Wajibu wa Wakristo (1792) — William Carey

1. Utangulizi na Agizo Linalotufunga Bado1. The Introduction and the Commission Still Binding on Us

William Carey, An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians, to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens (Leicester, 1792), ukurasa wa jina, Utangulizi na Sehemu ya I (“Uchunguzi kama Agizo alilowapa Bwana wetu wanafunzi wake bado linatufunga sisi”). Maandishi kamili; tafsiri za mambo ni za mwandishi.William Carey, An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians, to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens (Leicester, 1792), title page, Introduction and Section I (“An Enquiry whether the Commission given by our Lord to his Disciples be not still binding on us”). Complete text; the interpretations are the author’s.

Dokezo la CTS: Carey (1761–1834), mshona viatu na mchungaji wa Wabaptisti Maalumu, aliandika kijitabu hiki mwaka 1792 kwa ajili ya wachungaji wenzake, ambao wengi wao walishikilia kwamba Agizo Kuu lilikuwa limekamilishwa na mitume na halikulifunga kanisa la siku zao. Katika matumizi yake, neno “wapagani” (the heathen) humaanisha tu watu ambao hawakuwa wamesikia injili bado; ni neno la kihistoria, si hukumu juu ya thamani ya mtu yeyote. Marejeo ya Maandiko katika Kiingereza yametolewa kama Carey alivyoyachapisha (kwa mfano “Deut. xv. 4.”); tafsiri zinayatoa kwa mtindo wa kisasa. Katika aya ya kwanza ya Utangulizi inaonekana neno moja limeachwa katika unakili (“in the of God himself”); limenakiliwa kama lilivyopatikana, katika lugha zote tatu, hadi litakapolinganishwa na toleo lililochapishwa.CTS note: Carey (1761–1834), a shoemaker and Particular Baptist pastor, wrote this pamphlet in 1792 for fellow ministers, many of whom held that the Great Commission had been fulfilled by the apostles and did not bind the church of their day. In his usage “the heathen” simply means peoples who had not yet heard the gospel; it is a historical term, not a judgment on anyone’s worth. Scripture references in the English are given as Carey printed them (for example “Deut. xv. 4.”); the translations give them in modern form. In the first paragraph of the Introduction a word appears to be missing in the transcription (“in the of God himself”); it is reproduced as found, in all three languages, until it is checked against the printed edition.

UCHUNGUZI KUHUSU WAJIBU WA WAKRISTO, WA KUTUMIA NJIA ZA KUWAGEUZA WAPAGANI.AN ENQUIRY INTO THE OBLIGATIONS OF CHRISTIANS, TO USE MEANS FOR THE CONVERSION OF THE HEATHENS.

Ambamo hali ya kidini ya mataifa mbalimbali ya ulimwengu, mafanikio ya kazi za awali, na uwezekano wa kazi zaidi, vinazingatiwa, na William Carey.In which the religious state of the different nations of the world, the success of former undertakings, and the practicability of further undertakings, are considered, by William Carey.

Kwa maana hakuna tofauti kati ya Myahudi na Myunani; maana Bwana yule yule ni Bwana wa wote, mwenye utajiri kwa wote wamwitao. Kwa maana, kila atakayeliitia jina la Bwana ataokoka. Basi, wataliitiaje yeye ambaye hawakumwamini? Tena, wataaminije yeye ambaye hawakumsikia? Tena, watasikiaje pasipo mhubiri? Tena, watahubirije wasipopelekwa? — Paulo.For there is no Difference between the Jew and the Greek; for the same Lord over all, is rich unto all that call upon him. For whosoever shall call on the name of the Lord shall be saved. How then shall they call on him, in whom they have not believed? and how shall they believe in him of whom they have not heard? and how shall they hear without a Preacher? and how shall they preach except they be sent? — Paul.

MDCCXCII (1792).MDCCXCII.

UTANGULIZIINTRODUCTION

Kwa kuwa Bwana wetu mbarikiwa ametuagiza tuombe ufalme wake uje na mapenzi yake yafanyike duniani kama mbinguni, hatupaswi tu kutamka tamaa yetu ya jambo hilo kwa maneno, bali kutumia kila njia halali kueneza ujuzi wa jina lake. Kwa ajili hiyo ni lazima tujue kwa kiasi fulani hali ya kidini ya ulimwengu; na kwa kuwa ni jambo ambalo tunapaswa kulifuatilia, si kwa injili ya Mkombozi wetu tu, bali hata kwa hisia za utu, basi hamu ya kulifanyia kazi kwa dhamiri safi ingekuwa mojawapo ya ushahidi wenye nguvu kuliko yote kwamba sisi ni watu wa neema, na washiriki wa roho ile ya wema kwa wote na upendo wa kweli kwa wanadamu inayoonekana waziwazi katika Mungu mwenyewe.As our blessed Lord has required us to pray that his kingdom may come, and his will be done on earth as it is in heaven, it becomes us not only to express our desires of that event by words, but to use every lawful method to spread the knowledge of his name. In order to this, it is necessary that we should become, in some measure acquainted with the religious state of the world; and as this is an object we should be prompted to pursue, not only by the gospel of our Redeemer, but even by the feelings of humanity, so an inclination to conscientious activity therein would form one of the strongest proofs that we are the subjects of grace, and partakers of that spirit of universal benevolence and genuine philanthropy, which appear so eminent in the of God himself.

Dhambi iliingia kati ya wanadamu kwa anguko la Adamu, na tangu hapo imeendelea kueneza athari yake yenye madhara. Kwa kubadili sura zake kulingana na hali za nyakati, imekua na kuwa na maelfu kumi ya namna, na imepinga daima mapenzi na makusudi ya Mungu. Mtu angetarajia kwamba kumbukumbu ya gharika ingepokezwa kutoka baba hadi mwana na ingewazuia wanadamu daima wasivunje mapenzi ya Muumba wao; lakini walipofushwa hata katika siku za Ibrahimu, uovu mkubwa ulienea kila mahali makundi ya watu yalipoanzisha makao, na uovu wa Waamori ulikuwa mkubwa, ingawa bado haujatimia. Baada ya hayo ibada ya sanamu ilizidi kuenea, hata mataifa saba yaliyowekwa wakfu kwa uharibifu yakakatiliwa mbali kwa dalili kuu za hasira ya Mungu. Hata hivyo, maendeleo ya uovu hayakukomeshwa, bali Waisraeli wenyewe mara nyingi mno walijiunga na wanadamu wengine kumpinga Mungu wa Israeli. Wakati mmoja ujinga mkubwa kupita kiasi na ushenzi vilitawala duniani; na baadaye, katika zama zenye nuru zaidi, kutokuamini kwa jeuri kuu na kumdharau Mungu; hata ulimwengu ambao hapo awali ulikuwa umefunikwa na ujinga, sasa kwa hekima haukumjua Mungu, bali ulibadili utukufu wa Mungu asiyeharibika kama vile katika zama za ushenzi kabisa, kuwa mfano wa sura ya mwanadamu aharibikaye, na ndege, na wanyama wenye miguu minne, na vitambaavyo. Naam, kadiri walivyoongezeka katika elimu na ustaarabu, ndivyo walivyozama katika ibada za sanamu nyingi zaidi na za kupindukia.Sin was introduced amongst the children of men by the fall of Adam, and has ever since been spreading its baneful influence. By changing its appearances to suit the circumstances of the times, it has grown up in ten thousand forms, and constantly counteracted the will and designs of God. One would have supposed that the remembrance of the deluge would have been transmitted from father to son, and have perpetually deterred mankind from transgressing the will of their Maker; but so blinded were they, that in the time of Abraham, gross wickedness prevailed wherever colonies were planted, and the iniquity of the Amorites was great, though not yet full. After this, idolatry spread more and more, till the seven devoted nations were cut off with the most signal marks of divine displeasure. Still, however, the progress of evil was not stopped, but the Israelites themselves too often joined with the rest of mankind against the God of Israel. In one period the grossest ignorance and barbarism prevailed in the world; and afterwards, in a more enlightened age, the most daring infidelity, and contempt of God; so that the world which was once over-run with ignorance, now by wisdom knew not God, but changed the glory of the incorruptible God as much as in the most barbarous ages, into an image made like to corruptible man, and to birds, and four-footed beasts, and creeping things. Nay, as they increased in science and politeness, they ran into more abundant and extravagant idolatries.

Hata hivyo Mungu alitangaza mara kwa mara nia yake ya kushinda hatimaye nguvu zote za Ibilisi, na kuziharibu kazi zake zote, na kusimamisha ufalme wake mwenyewe na maslahi yake kati ya wanadamu, na kuuenea kote kama Shetani alivyoeneza kote. Kwa kusudi hili Masihi alikuja na kufa, ili Mungu awe mwenye haki, na mwenye kumhesabia haki kila atakayemwamini. Alipokwisha kuutoa uhai wake na kuutwaa tena, aliwatuma wanafunzi wake wahubiri habari njema kwa kila kiumbe, na wajitahidi kwa njia zote zinazowezekana kuurudisha ulimwengu uliopotea kwa Mungu. Walikwenda kulingana na agizo lao la kimungu, na mafanikio ya ajabu yaliambatana na kazi zao; Wagiriki wastaarabu na washenzi wasio na ustaarabu, wote walinyenyekea msalabani wa Kristo na kuukumbatia kuwa njia pekee ya wokovu. Tangu zama za mitume, juhudi nyingine nyingi za kueneza injili zimefanywa, na zimekuwa na mafanikio makubwa; hata hivyo sehemu kubwa sana ya wanadamu bado imo katika giza lote la upagani. Juhudi nyingine bado zinafanywa, lakini ni ndogo mno ikilinganishwa na yale yanayoweza kufanywa iwapo mwili mzima wa Wakristo ungeingia kwa moyo wote katika roho ya agizo la kimungu juu ya jambo hili. Wengine hufikiri kidogo kuhusu jambo hili, wengine hawajui hali ya ulimwengu, na wengine hupenda mali yao kuliko roho za viumbe wenzao.Yet God repeatedly made known his intention to prevail finally over all the power of the Devil, and to destroy all his works, and set up his own kingdom and interest among men, and extend it as universally as Satan had extended his. It was for this purpose that the Messiah came and died, that God might be just, and the justifier of all that should believe in him. When he had laid down his life, and taken it up again, he sent forth his disciples to preach the good tidings to every creature, and to endeavour by all possible methods to bring over a lost world to God. They went forth according to their divine commission, and wonderful success attended their labours; the civilized greeks, and uncivilized barbarians, each yielded to the cross of Christ, and embraced it as the only way of salvation. Since the apostolic age many other attempts to spread the gospel have been made, which have been considerably successful, notwithstanding which a very considerable part of mankind are still involved in all the darkness of heathenism. Some attempts are still making, but they are inconsiderable in comparison of what might be done if the whole body of Christians entered heartily into the spirit of the divine command on this subject. Some think little about it, others are unacquainted with the state of the world, and others love their wealth better than the souls of their fellow-creatures.

Ili jambo hili lizingatiwe kwa uzito zaidi, nitachunguza kama agizo alilowapa Bwana wetu wanafunzi wake bado linatufunga sisi; nitatazama kwa ufupi kazi za awali; nitatoa maelezo kadhaa juu ya hali ya sasa ya ulimwengu; nitazingatia uwezekano wa kufanya jambo fulani zaidi ya yale yanayofanywa; na wajibu wa Wakristo kwa jumla katika jambo hili.In order that the subject may be taken into more serious consideration, I shall enquire, whether the commission given by our Lord to his disciples be not still binding on us,—take a short view of former undertakings,—give some account of the present state of the world, consider the practicability of doing something more than is done,—and the duty of Christians in general in this matter.

UCHUNGUZI, N.K.AN ENQUIRY, &c.

SEHEMU YA I. Uchunguzi kama Agizo alilowapa Bwana wetu Wanafunzi wake bado linatufunga sisi.SECT. I. An Enquiry whether the Commission given by our Lord to his Disciples be not still binding on us.

Bwana wetu Yesu Kristo, kidogo kabla ya kuondoka kwake, aliwatuma mitume wake Enendeni, mkafundishe mataifa yote; au, kama mwinjilisti mwingine anavyolieleza, Enendeni ulimwenguni mwote, mkaihubiri Injili kwa kila kiumbe. Agizo hili lilikuwa pana kadiri iwezekanavyo, na liliwawekea wajibu wa kutawanyika katika kila nchi ya dunia inayokaliwa na watu, na kuwahubiria wakazi wote, bila kumtenga mtu wala kuweka kikomo. Basi walikwenda kwa kuitii amri hiyo, na nguvu za Mungu zilifanya kazi pamoja nao dhahiri. Juhudi nyingi za namna hiyo zimefanywa tangu siku zao, na zimeambatana na mafanikio ya viwango tofauti; lakini kazi hiyo haijashikwa wala kuendelezwa katika miaka ya karibuni (isipokuwa na watu wachache) kwa bidii na uvumilivu ambao Wakristo wa kwanza walikwenda nao. Inaonekana kana kwamba wengi hudhani agizo hilo lilitekelezwa vya kutosha kwa yale waliyoyafanya mitume na wengine; kwamba tuna kazi ya kutosha ya kushughulikia wokovu wa watu wa nchi yetu wenyewe; na kwamba, kama Mungu anakusudia wokovu wa wapagani, atawaletea injili au atawaletea wao injili kwa njia fulani. Kwa namna hii makundi makubwa hukaa raha mustarehe, wasijishughulishe kamwe na sehemu kubwa zaidi ya wenzao wenye dhambi, ambao hadi leo wamepotea katika ujinga na ibada ya sanamu. Pia inaonekana kuna maoni mioyoni mwa wengine kwamba, kwa sababu mitume walikuwa watumishi wa pekee wasio na warithi halisi, na kwa sababu mambo mengi yaliyokuwa sawa kwao kuyafanya hayangeruhusiwa kamwe kwetu, basi huenda isiwe wajibu wetu moja kwa moja kulitekeleza agizo hilo, ingawa ulikuwa wajibu wao. Kwa watu kama hao ningependa kutoa mambo yafuatayo ya kuzingatia.Our Lord Jesus Christ, a little before his departure, commissioned his apostles to Go, and teach all nations; or, as another evangelist expresses it, Go into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature. This commission was as extensive as possible, and laid them under obligation to disperse themselves into every country of the habitable globe, and preach to all the inhabitants, without exception, or limitation. They accordingly went forth in obedience to the command, and the power of God evidently wrought with them. Many attempts of the same kind have been made since their day, and which have been attended with various success; but the work has not been taken up, or prosecuted of late years (except by a few individuals) with that zeal and perseverance with which the primitive Christians went about it. It seems as if many thought the commission was sufficiently put in execution by what the apostles and others have done; that we have enough to do to attend to the salvation of our own countrymen; and that, if God intends the salvation of the heathen, he will some way or other bring them to the gospel, or the gospel to them. It is thus that multitudes sit at ease, and give themselves no concern about the far greater part of their fellow-sinners, who to this day, are lost in ignorance and idolatry. There seems also to be an opinion existing in the minds of some, that because the apostles were extraordinary officers and have no proper successors, and because many things which were right for them to do would be utterly unwarrantable for us, therefore it may not be immediately binding on us to execute the commission, though it was so upon them. To the consideration of such persons I would offer the following observations.

KWANZA, kama amri ya Kristo ya kufundisha mataifa yote inahusu mitume tu, au wale waliopewa pumzi ya moja kwa moja ya Roho Mtakatifu, basi amri ya kubatiza nayo iwe hivyo hivyo; na kila kundi la Wakristo, isipokuwa Waquaker, wanakosea kubatiza kwa maji kabisa.FIRST, If the command of Christ to teach all nations be restricted to the apostles, or those under the immediate inspiration of the Holy Ghost, then that of baptizing should be so too; and every denomination of Christians, except the Quakers, do wrong in baptizing with water at all.

PILI, kama amri ya Kristo ya kufundisha mataifa yote imefungwa kwa mitume tu, basi wahudumu wote wa kawaida waliojitahidi kupeleka injili kwa wapagani wamefanya bila kibali, na wamekimbia kabla hawajatumwa. Naam, ingawa Mungu ameahidi mambo matukufu kuliko yote kwa ulimwengu wa wapagani kwa kuwapelekea injili yake, mtu yeyote atakayekwenda kwanza, au hata kwenda kabisa, na ujumbe huo, asipokuwa na agizo jipya na maalumu kutoka mbinguni, lazima aende bila mamlaka yoyote ya kufanya hivyo.SECONDLY, If the command of Christ to teach all nations be confined to the apostles, then all such ordinary ministers who have endeavoured to carry the gospel to the heathens, have acted without a warrant, and run before they were sent. Yea, and though God has promised the most glorious things to the heathen world by sending his gospel to them, yet whoever goes first, or indeed at all, with that message, unless he have a new and special commission from heaven, must go without any authority for so doing.

TATU, kama amri ya Kristo ya kufundisha mataifa yote inawafikia mitume tu, bila shaka ahadi ya uwepo wa kimungu katika kazi hii nayo lazima iwe na mpaka huo; lakini ahadi hiyo imeandikwa kwa namna inayoukataa wazo hilo waziwazi. Na tazama, mimi nipo pamoja nanyi siku zote, hata ukamilifu wa dahari.THIRDLY, If the command of Christ to teach all nations extend only to the apostles, then, doubtless, the promise of the divine presence in this work must be so limited; but this is worded in such a manner as expressly precludes such an idea. Lo, I am with you always, to the end of the world.

Inakubalika kwamba zipo hali ambazo hata amri ya kimungu inaweza kukoma kufunga—kwa mfano, kama imefutwa, kama amri za kitambiko za sheria ya Kiyahudi; au kama hakuna watu duniani ambao tendo lililoamriwa lingefanyiwa, kama katika sheria ya msamaha wa kila mwaka wa saba, ambayo ingeweza kuachwa pasipokuwa na maskini nchini wa kusamehewa madeni yao. Kum. 15:4. Au kama, katika tukio fulani, tunaweza kutoa ufunuo kinyume wenye mamlaka sawa na amri ya asili, kama Paulo na Sila walipozuiliwa na Roho Mtakatifu wasilihubiri neno huko Bithinia. Mdo. 16:6, 7. Au kama, katika hali yoyote, kuna kutowezekana kwa kawaida kuitekeleza. Haikuwa wajibu wa Paulo kuwahubiria Kristo wakazi wa Otaheite (Tahiti), kwa sababu mahali hapo hapakuwa pamegunduliwa wakati huo, wala hakuwa na njia yoyote ya kuwafikia. Lakini hakuna kati ya mambo haya tunaloweza kulitoa sisi kama udhuru wa kupuuza agizo alilolitoa Kristo. Hatuwezi kusema kwamba limefutwa, kama amri za sheria ya kitambiko; wala hatuwezi kudai kwamba hakuna watu ambao amri hiyo ingefanyiwa. Ole wetu! Sehemu kubwa zaidi ya ulimwengu, kama tutakavyoona punde, bado imefunikwa na giza la upagani! Wala hatuwezi kutoa ufunuo kinyume kuhusu taifa lolote maalumu, kama ule uliotolewa kwa Paulo na Sila kuhusu Bithinia; na kama tungeweza, haungetupa ruhusa ya kukaa kimya na kupuuza sehemu nyingine zote za ulimwengu; kwa maana Paulo na Sila, walipozuiliwa kuwahubiria wapagani wale, walikwenda mahali pengine, wakawahubiria wengine. Wala hatuwezi kudai kutowezekana kwa kawaida katika jambo hili. Imesemekana kwamba hatupaswi kulazimisha njia yetu, bali kungoja milango inayofunguliwa na uongozi wa Majaliwa; lakini kwa haki ile ile inaweza kujibiwa katika jambo hili kwamba pia hatupaswi kupuuza kuzikumbatia fursa hizo za majaliwa zinazotujia kila siku. Tunangoja milango gani ya majaliwa? Hatuwezi kutarajia kusafirishwa hadi ulimwengu wa wapagani bila njia za kawaida, wala kupewa karama ya lugha, n.k., tutakapofika huko. Hizo hazingekuwa uingiliaji wa majaliwa, bali wa miujiza. Mahali ambapo amri ipo, hakuna kinachohitajika ili iwe ya kufunga isipokuwa kuondolewa kwa vikwazo vinavyofanya utii usiwezekane, na hivi vimeondolewa tayari. Kutowezekana kwa kawaida hakuwezi kutolewa kama udhuru kamwe, maadamu kuna ukweli unaothibitisha kinyume chake. Je, wamisionari wa Kipapa hawakuvishinda vikwazo vyote hivyo ambavyo kwa kawaida tumedhani haviwezi kushindwa? Je, wamisionari wa Unitas Fratrum, yaani Ndugu Wamoravia, hawakukabiliana na joto kali la Abyssinia, na nchi zilizoganda kwa baridi za Greenland na Labrador, lugha zao ngumu, na desturi zao za kishenzi? Au je, wafanyabiashara Waingereza, kwa ajili ya faida, hawakuvishinda vikwazo vyote ambavyo kwa kawaida vilihesabiwa kuwa haviwezi kushindwa katika njia ya kuhubiri injili? Shuhudia biashara ya Uajemi, Indies Mashariki, China, na Greenland, naam hata Biashara ile iliyolaaniwa ya Watumwa kwenye pwani za Afrika. Watu wanaweza kujipenyeza katika upendeleo wa koo za kishenzi kabisa, na makabila yasiyostaarabika, kwa ajili ya faida; na ingawa hali za kufanya biashara na kuhubiri zinatofautiana sana, hii itathibitisha uwezekano wa wahudumu kuingizwa huko; na kama hili linaonekana tu kuwa sababu ya kutosha ya kufanya jaribio, hoja yangu imefikiwa.That there are cases in which even a divine command may cease to be binding is admitted—As for instance, if it be repealed, as the ceremonial commandments of the jewish law; or if there be no subjects in the world for the commanded act to be exercised upon, as in the law of septennial release, which might be dispensed with when there should be no poor in the land to have their debts forgiven. Deut. xv. 4. or if, in any particular instance, we can produce a counter-revelation, of equal authority with the original command, as when Paul and Silas were forbidden of the Holy Ghost to preach the word in Bythinia. Acts xvi. 6. 7. or if, in any case, there be a natural impossibility of putting it in execution. It was not the duty of Paul to preach Christ to the inhabitants of Otaheite, because no such place was then discovered, nor had he any means of coming at them. But none of these things can be alledged by us in behalf of the neglect of the commission given by Christ. We cannot say that it is repealed, like the commands of the ceremonial law; nor can we plead that there are no objects for the command to be exercised upon. Alas! the far greater part of the world, as we shall see presently, are still covered with heathen darkness! Nor can we produce a counter-revelation, concerning any particular nation, like that to Paul and Silas, concerning Bythinia; and, if we could, it would not warrant our sitting still and neglecting all the other parts of the world; for Paul and Silas, when forbidden to preach to those heathens, went elsewhere, and preached to others. Neither can we alledge a natural impossibility in the case. It has been said that we ought not to force our way, but to wait for the openings, and leadings of Providence; but it might with equal propriety be answered in this case, neither ought we to neglect embracing those openings in providence which daily present themselves to us. What openings of providence do we wait for? We can neither expect to be transported into the heathen world without ordinary means, nor to be endowed with the gift of tongues, &c. when we arrive there. These would not be providential interpositions, but miraculous ones. Where a command exists nothing can be necessary to render it binding but a removal of those obstacles which render obedience impossible, and these are removed already. Natural impossibility can never be pleaded so long as facts exist to prove the contrary. Have not the popish missionaries surmounted all those difficulties which we have generally thought to be insuperable? Have not the missionaries of the Unitas Fratrum, or Moravian Brethren, encountered the scorching heat of Abyssinia, and the frozen climes of Greenland, and Labrador, their difficult languages, and savage manners? Or have not English traders, for the sake of gain, surmounted all those things which have generally been counted insurmountable obstacles in the way of preaching the gospel? Witness the trade to Persia, the East-Indies, China, and Greenland, yea even the accursed Slave-Trade on the coasts of Africa. Men can insinuate themselves into the favour of the most barbarous clans, and uncultivated tribes, for the sake of gain; and how different soever the circumstances of trading and preaching are, yet this will prove the possibility of ministers being introduced there; and if this is but thought a sufficient reason to make the experiment, my point is gained.

Imesemekana kwamba baadhi ya wanatheolojia wasomi wamethibitisha kutoka Maandiko kwamba wakati haujafika bado wa wapagani kugeuzwa; na kwamba kwanza mashahidi lazima wauawe, na unabii mwingine mwingi utimizwe. Lakini tukikubali kwamba hivyo ndivyo ilivyo (jambo ninalolitilia shaka sana[1]) hata hivyo, kama pingamizi lolote linatolewa kutokana na hili dhidi ya kuwahubiria mara moja, lazima liwe limejengwa juu ya mojawapo ya mambo haya: ama kwamba kusudi la siri la Mungu ndilo kanuni ya wajibu wetu, na hapo itakuwa vibaya vilevile kuwaombea kama kuwahubiria; au vinginevyo kwamba hakuna atakayegeuzwa katika ulimwengu wa wapagani hadi kumiminwa kwa Roho kwa wote katika siku za mwisho. Lakini pingamizi hili limechelewa; kwa maana mafanikio ya injili yamekuwa makubwa sana katika sehemu nyingi tayari.It has been said that some learned divines have proved from Scripture that the time is not yet come that the heathen should be converted; and that first the witnesses must be slain, and many other prophecies fulfilled. But admitting this to be the case (which I much doubt[1]) yet if any objection is made from this against preaching to them immediately, it must be founded on one of these things; either that the secret purpose of God is the rule of our duty, and then it must be as bad to pray for them, as to preach to them; or else that none shall be converted in the heathen world till the universal down-pouring of the Spirit in the last days. But this objection comes too late; for the success of the gospel has been very considerable in many places already.

Tanbihi ya 1 ya Carey: Tazama Edwards, juu ya Maombi (On Prayer), kuhusu jambo hili, iliyochapishwa upya hivi karibuni na Bw. Sutcliffe.Carey’s footnote 1: See Edwards on Prayer, on this subject, lately re-printed by Mr. Sutcliffe.

Imepingwa kwamba kuna makundi makubwa katika taifa letu wenyewe, na ndani ya nyanja zetu za karibu za utendaji, ambao ni wajinga kama washenzi wa Bahari ya Kusini, na kwa hiyo tuna kazi ya kutosha nyumbani, bila kwenda nchi nyingine. Kwamba kuna maelfu katika nchi yetu wenyewe walio mbali na Mungu kupita kiasi, ninakubali kwa urahisi, na kwamba hili linapaswa kutuchochea kuwa na bidii mara kumi katika kazi yetu, na katika juhudi za kueneza ujuzi wa Mungu kati yao, ni jambo la hakika; lakini kwamba linapaswa kuzipita juhudi zote za kueneza injili katika nchi za nje, hilo linaonekana kuhitaji ushahidi. Watu wa nchi yetu wana njia za neema, na wanaweza kuhudhuria neno linalohubiriwa wakipenda. Wana njia za kuujua ukweli, na wahudumu waaminifu wamewekwa karibu kila sehemu ya nchi, ambao nyanja zao za utendaji zingeweza kupanuliwa sana kama makutaniko yao yangekuwa na moyo na bidii zaidi katika kazi hii: lakini kwa wale wengine hali ni tofauti kabisa, wasio na Biblia, wasio na lugha iliyoandikwa (ambayo wengi wao hawana), wasio na wahudumu, wasio na serikali nzuri ya kiraia, wala faida yoyote kati ya zile tulizo nazo sisi. Kwa hiyo huruma, utu, na zaidi sana Ukristo, vinaita kwa sauti kuu kufanya juhudi zote zinazowezekana kuwaletea injili.It has been objected that there are multitudes in our own nation, and within our immediate spheres of action, who are as ignorant as the South-Sea savages, and that therefore we have work enough at home, without going into other countries. That there are thousands in our own land as far from God as possible, I readily grant, and that this ought to excite us to ten-fold diligence in our work, and in attempts to spread divine knowledge amongst them is a certain fact; but that it ought to supercede all attempts to spread the gospel in foreign parts seems to want proof. Our own countrymen have the means of grace, and may attend on the word preached if they chuse it. They have the means of knowing the truth, and faithful ministers are placed in almost every part of the land, whose spheres of action might be much extended if their congregations were but more hearty and active in the cause: but with them the case is widely different, who have no Bible, no written language, (which many of them have not,) no ministers, no good civil government, nor any of those advantages which we have. Pity therefore, humanity, and much more Christianity, call loudly for every possible exertion to introduce the gospel amongst them.

2. Mapitio Mafupi ya Kazi za Awali2. A Short Review of Former Undertakings

William Carey, An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians, to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens (Leicester, 1792), Sehemu ya II (“Ikiwa na Mapitio Mafupi ya Kazi za Awali za Kuwageuza Wapagani”). Maandishi kamili; tafsiri za mambo ni za mwandishi.William Carey, An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians, to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens (Leicester, 1792), Section II (“Containing a short Review of former Undertakings for the Conversion of the Heathen”). Complete text; the interpretations are the author’s.

Dokezo la CTS: Mapitio ya Carey yanafuata kwa karibu kitabu cha Matendo ya Mitume, kisha historia za makanisa alizokuwa nazo mwaka 1792. Baadhi ya mapokeo anayoyarudia kuhusu safari za mitume (kwa mfano Paulo huko Uingereza, au Simoni Mkananayo huko Uingereza) ni hadithi za zamani au hayana uhakika, na baadhi ya majina, tarehe na namba zimetolewa kama alivyozikuta. Maneno yake makali kuhusu “upapa” (popery) yanatokana na mzozo wa Kiprotestanti wa karne yake; CTS inayanukuu kama sehemu ya chanzo cha kihistoria na haikubali kuwadharau Wakristo wengine. Anapowaita Wayahudi wa miji fulani “maadui wakubwa wasiopatanishwa” wa mitume, anasimulia upya matukio ya Matendo; CTS inakataa lawama yoyote ya pamoja dhidi ya watu wa Kiyahudi.CTS note: Carey’s review follows the book of Acts closely and then the church histories available to him in 1792. Some traditions he repeats about the apostles’ travels (for example Paul in Britain, or Simon the Canaanite in Britain) are legends or uncertain, and some names, dates and figures are given as he found them. His sharp words about “popery” belong to the Protestant controversy of his century; CTS reproduces them as part of a historical source and does not endorse contempt for other Christians. When he calls the Jews of certain cities the apostles’ “most inveterate enemies,” he is retelling events in Acts; CTS rejects any collective blame of the Jewish people.

SEHEMU YA II. Ikiwa na Mapitio Mafupi ya Kazi za Awali za Kuwageuza Wapagani.SECT. II. Containing a short Review of former Undertakings for the Conversion of the Heathen.

Kabla ya kuja kwa Bwana wetu Yesu Kristo, ulimwengu wote ulikuwa wa wapagani au Wayahudi; na wote wawili, kwa jumla yao, walikuwa maadui wa injili. Baada ya ufufuo wanafunzi walikaa Yerusalemu hadi Pentekoste. Wakiwa wanashughulika kila siku katika sala na maombi, na baada ya kumchagua Mathiasi achukue nafasi ya Yuda katika huduma ya kitume, siku ile kuu, walipokuwa wamekusanyika wote pamoja, kumiminwa kwa Roho Mtakatifu kwa namna ya ajabu sana kulitokea, nao wakapewa uwezo wa kusema kwa lugha zote za kigeni. Petro aliitumia nafasi hii kuihubiri injili kwa kusanyiko kubwa la Wayahudi na wongofu wa Kiyahudi, waliotoka Parthia, Media, Elamu, Mesopotamia, Uyahudi, Kapadokia, Asia ya jimbo la Kirumi, Frugia, Pamfilia, Misri, Libya, Krete, Arabuni, Roma, n.k., na kwa jitihada ya kwanza Mungu alitenda kwa nguvu hivi kwamba watu elfu tatu waligeuzwa, ambao mara baadaye walibatizwa, wakaongezwa kanisani. Kabla ya nyongeza hii kubwa walikuwa watu mia moja na ishirini tu, lakini tangu wakati huo waliongezeka daima. Ilikuwa muda mfupi baadaye Petro na Yohana, walipokuwa wakipanda hekaluni, walipomponya yule kiwete; muujiza huu ulikusanya umati mkubwa, na Petro alitumia nafasi hiyo, walipokuwa wamesimama wakistaajabia tukio hilo, kuwahubiria Yesu Kristo. Matokeo yake ni kwamba watu elfu tano zaidi waliamini.Before the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ the whole world were either heathens, or jews; and both, as to the body of them were enemies to the gospel. After the resurrection the disciples continued in Jerusalem till Pentecost. Being daily engaged in prayer and supplication, and having chosen Matthias, to supply the place of Judas in the apostolic office, on that solemn day, when they were all assembled together, a most remarkable effusion of the Holy Spirit took place, and a capacity of speaking in all foreign languages was bestowed upon them. This opportunity was embraced by Peter for preaching the gospel to a great congregation of jews and proselytes, who were from Parthia, Media, Elam, Mesopotamia, Judea, Cappadocia, the proconsular Asia, Phrygia, Pamphylia, Egypt, Lybia, Crete, Arabia, Rome, &c. and at the first effort God wrought so powerfully that three thousand were converted, who immediately after were baptized, and added to the church. Before this great addition they consisted of but about an hundred and twenty persons, but from that time they continually increased. It was but a little after this that Peter and John, going up to the temple, healed the lame man; this miracle drew a great multitude together, and Peter took occasion while they stood wondering at the event, to preach Jesus Christ to them. The consequence was that five thousand more believed.

Jambo hili halikufanywa bila upinzani; makuhani na Masadukayo walijaribu njia zote walizoweza kuzibuni kuwazuia wasihubiri injili. Hata hivyo mitume walisisitiza kibali chao cha kimungu, na mara walipoachiliwa walimwomba Mungu ili nguvu ya kimungu iambatane na kazi zao, ombi lililosikiwa, na huduma yao ya baadaye ikawa na mafanikio makubwa. Kwa sababu ya mahitaji ya wale waliokuwa wakijishughulisha na kazi hii njema, wale miongoni mwao waliokuwa na mali au vitu waliviuza, wakaweka fedha kwa matumizi ya kimungu.This was not done without opposition; the priests and sadducees tried all the methods they could invent to prevent them from preaching the gospel. The apostles, however, asserted their divine warrant, and as soon as they were set at liberty addressed God, and prayed that a divine power might attend their labours, which petition was heard, and their future ministry was very successful. On account of their necessities who were engaged in this good work, those amongst them who had possessions, or goods, sold them, and devoted the money to pious uses.

Wakati huo huo mwanamume mmoja na mkewe, wakijifanya wacha Mungu sana, waliuza shamba, wakaleta sehemu ya fedha kwa mitume, wakijifanya kuwa ndiyo yote; kwa unafiki huo wote wawili, yeye na mkewe, walipigwa na mkono wa Mungu wakafa. Msiba huu wa kutisha ulikuwa hata hivyo sababu ya wanaume na wanawake wengi zaidi kuongezwa kanisani. Miujiza iliyofanywa na mitume, na mafanikio yaliyoambatana na huduma yao, vilichochea wivu mkubwa zaidi kwa makuhani na Masadukayo, ambao waliwatia gerezani; kutoka kifungoni humo waliokolewa upesi na malaika; ndipo walikwenda mara moja kama walivyoamriwa wakahubiri hekaluni: hapo walikamatwa, wakaletwa mbele ya baraza, ambapo Gamalieli alisema kwa kuwatetea, nao wakaachiliwa. Baada ya haya waliendelea na kazi yao, wakifurahi kwamba walihesabiwa kuwa wastahili kupata aibu kwa ajili ya jina la Kristo.About this time a man and his wife out of great pretensions to piety, sold an estate, and brought part of the money to the apostles, pretending it to be the whole; for which dissimulation both he and his wife, were struck dead by the hand of God. This awful catastrophe however was the occasion of many more men and women being added to the church. The miracles wrought by the apostles, and the success attending their ministry, stirred up greater envy in the priests and sadducees, who imprisoned them; from which confinement they were soon liberated by an angel; upon which they went immediately as they were commanded and preached in the temple: here they were seized, and brought before the council, where Gamaliel spake in their favour, and they were dismissed. After this they continued to prosecute their work, rejoicing that they were counted worthy to suffer shame for the name of Christ.

Kufikia wakati huo kanisa la Yerusalemu lilikuwa limeongezeka sana hata wingi wa shughuli zake za kidunia ukawa sababu ya kupuuzwa kwa baadhi ya mambo, jambo lililoleta manung’uniko. Kwa hiyo mitume walilishauri kanisa lichague watu saba wacha Mungu, ambao kazi yao ingekuwa kushughulikia mambo yake ya kidunia; ili wao wajitoe katika sala na huduma ya neno. Saba walichaguliwa ipasavyo, mitume wakawaombea na kuwaweka wakfu kwa huduma ya Mashemasi kwa kuwawekea mikono; na mambo haya yalipokwisha kutengemaa kanisa liliongezeka zaidi na zaidi. Mmoja wa Mashemasi hawa, jina lake Stefano, mtu mwenye maarifa na utakatifu wa pekee, alifanya miujiza mingi, na alibishana kwa ushahidi mkubwa na nguvu kwa ajili ya ukweli wa Ukristo, jambo lililomwinulia wapinzani wengi. Hawa upesi walipata kifo chake, na wakaendeleza uchungu wao hata wakachochea mateso makubwa hivi kwamba kanisa, ambalo hadi hapo lilikuwa limefungwa Yerusalemu tu, lilitawanywa, na wahubiri wote isipokuwa mitume walifukuzwa huko, wakaenda kila mahali wakilihubiri neno.By this time the church at Jerusalem was so increased that the multiplicity of its temporal concerns was the occasion of some neglects, which produced a dissatisfaction. The apostles, therefore, recommended to the church to chuse seven pious men, whose office it should be to attend upon its temporal affairs; that they might give themselves to prayer, and the ministry of the word. Seven were accordingly chosen, over whom the apostles prayed, and ordained them to the office of Deacons by imposition of hands: and these things being settled the church increased more and more. One of these Deacons, whose name was Stephen, being a person of eminent knowledge and holiness, wrought many miracles, and disputed with great evidence and energy for the truth of Christianity, which raised him up a number of opponents. These soon procured his death, and carried their resentment so far as to stir up such a persecution that the church, which till now had been confined to Jerusalem, was dispersed, and all the preachers except the apostles were driven thence, and went every where preaching the word.

Kijana mmoja jina lake Sauli, alikuwa hodari sana katika mateso hayo; alikuwa amelelewa chini ya Gamalieli, mjumbe wa Sanhedrini, mtu mwenye kipaji cha kuahidi, kwa taaluma Mfarisayo, na mwenye kushikamana sana na desturi za Kiyahudi. Stefano alipopigwa mawe alionekana kufurahi sana, na alikuwa na ulinzi wa nguo za wauaji wake; na tangu wakati huo mwenyewe aliwaka roho ya kuwatesa hivi kwamba alizunguka akiwaburuta wengine gerezani, na kuwalazimisha wengine kulikufuru jina la Bwana Yesu. Wala hakutosheka kutumia hasira yake Yerusalemu, bali alikwenda kwa makuhani wakuu akapata hati za mamlaka za kuendeleza kazi hiyo hiyo Dameski. Lakini njiani, alipokuwa karibu kuingia mjini, Bwana aliubadili moyo wake kwa namna ya ajabu sana; hata badala ya kuingia mjini kuwatesa, alianza kuihubiri injili mara alipoweza. Hili upesi lilimletea mateso yale yale aliyokuwa amepanga kuwafanyia wengine, na hata likahatarisha uhai wake, hata ndugu wakaona ni lazima kumshusha ukutani wa mji kwa kikapu usiku, naye akaokoka mikononi mwa adui zake. Kutoka hapo alikwenda Yerusalemu ambako alilihubiri neno, lakini kwa kuwa alitesiwa huko, alikwenda Kaisaria, na kutoka huko Tarso.A young man whose name was Saul, was very active in this persecution; he had been educated under Gamaliel, a member of the Sanhedrim, was a person of promising genius, by profession a Pharisee, and much attached to the jewish ceremonies. When Stephen was stoned he appeared much pleased with it, and had the custody of the clothes of his executioners; and from that time was fired with such a spirit of persecution himself, that he went about dragging some to prison, and compelling others to blaspheme the name of the Lord Jesus. Neither was he contented with exercising his rage at Jerusalem, but went to the chief priests and obtained testimonials of authority to carry on the same work at Damascus. But on his way, as he was almost ready to enter into the city, the Lord changed his heart in a very wonderful manner; so that instead of entering the town to persecute, he began to preach the gospel as soon as he was able. This presently brought upon him the same persecution which he had designed to exercise upon others, and even endangered his life, so that the brethren found it necessary to let him down the city wall in a basket by night, and so he escaped the hands of his enemies. From thence he went to Jerusalem where he preached the word, but being persecuted there, he went to Cesarea, and from thence to Tarsus.

Wakati wa dhiki hii kanisani, Filipo alikwenda akahubiri Samaria kwa mafanikio makubwa, naam kazi ilikuwa kubwa hata mjanja mmoja aliyewadanganya watu kwa ujanja wa mikono kwa muda mrefu alishangazwa na hata kuhakikishwa, akakiri kuwa Mkristo, akabatizwa; lakini baadaye alifichuliwa na akaonekana kuwa mnafiki. Zaidi yake, idadi kubwa waliamini kwa kweli, na kwa kubatizwa kanisa liliundwa huko. Muda mfupi baadaye Bwana alimwamuru Filipo aende njia itokayo Yerusalemu kwenda Gaza, naye alifanya hivyo, akamkuta towashi mwenye cheo kikubwa katika mahakama ya Ethiopia, ambaye alimhubiria Kristo, naye akaamini na kubatizwa; baada ya hayo Filipo alihubiri Ashdodi, au Azoto.In the time of this trouble in the church, Philip went and preached at Samaria with great success, nay so great was the work that an impostor, who had deceived the people with legerdemain tricks for a long time was so amazed, and even convinced, as to profess himself a Christian, and was baptized; but was afterwards detected, and appeared to be an hypocrite. Besides him a great number believed in reality, and being baptized a church was formed there. Soon after this the Lord commanded Philip to go the way which led from Jerusalem to Gaza, which he did, and there found an eunuch of great authority in the court of Ethiopia, to whom he preached Christ, who believed, and was baptized; after which Philip preached at Ashdod, or Azotus.

Wakati huo huo Petro alikwenda Lida, au Diospoli, akamponya Ainea kupooza, jambo lililokuwa njia ya kugeuzwa si kwa wakazi wa mji ule tu bali pia kwa nchi jirani, iitwayo Sharoni, ambayo mji wake mkuu ulikuwa Lasharoni; na alipokuwa huko, tukio lilitokea lililosaidia sana kuenea kwa kweli. Mwanamke mmoja wa Yafa, mji wa bandari jirani, alikufa, wakatuma kwenda Lida kumwita Petro, naye alikwenda, na alipokwisha kuomba alifufuliwa; jambo lililokuwa nafasi ya wengi kugeuzwa katika mji ule. Petro aliendelea kukaa huko akihubiri kwa muda, na alilala nyumbani kwa mfua ngozi.About the same time Peter went to Lydda, or Diospolis, and cured Eneas of a palsy, which was a mean of the conversion not only of the inhabitants of that town, but also of the neighbouring country, called Saron, the capital of which was Lasharon; and while he was there, a circumstance turned up which tended much to the spread of the truth. A woman of Joppa, a sea-port town in the neighbourhood, dying, they sent to Lydda for Peter, who went over, and when he had prayed she was raised to life again; which was an occasion of the conversion of many in that town. Peter continued there preaching for some time, and lodged at the house of a tanner.

Sasa tukio jingine pia lilisaidia kueneza zaidi Ukristo, kwa maana ofisa mmoja wa kijeshi wa Kirumi aliyekuwa na ujuzi fulani wa Maandiko ya Agano la Kale, lakini hakuwa ametahiriwa, siku moja alikuwa akisali nyumbani kwake Kaisaria, malaika alipomtokea, akamwambia amtume mtu amwite Petro kutoka Yafa aje kuhubiri nyumbani kwake. Kabla ya hapo kazi ya Mungu ilikuwa imefungwa kabisa kwa Wayahudi na wongofu wa Kiyahudi, na hata mitume walionekana kuwa na mawazo finyu sana juu ya utawala wa Kikristo; lakini sasa Mungu kwa maono alimfunulia Petro kwamba Ukristo ulikuwa uenezwe katika mataifa yote. Basi alikwenda akahubiri nyumbani kwa Kornelio, Kaisaria, ambapo wengi waligeuzwa na kubatizwa, na msingi wa kanisa ukawekwa katika mji ule.Now another circumstance also tended to the further propogation of Christianity, for a Roman military officer who had some acquaintance with the Old Testament Scriptures, but was not circumcised, was one day engaged in prayer in his house at Cesarea, when an angel appeared to him, and bid him send for Peter from Joppa to preach in his house. Before this the work of God had been wholly confined to the jews, and jewish proselytes, and even the apostles appeared to have had very contracted ideas of the Christian dispensation; but now God by a vision discovered to Peter that Christianity was to be spread into all nations. He accordingly went and preached at the house of Cornelius, at Cesarea, when several were converted, and baptized, and the foundation of a church laid in that city.

Baadhi ya wahudumu waliotawanywa walikimbilia Antiokia ya Shamu, wakaanza kuwahubiria Wagiriki katika mji ule wakati huo huo, nao wakawa na mafanikio mazuri; ndipo mitume wakawatuma Paulo na Barnaba, ambao waliwafundisha na kuwatia nguvu, na kanisa likaundwa katika mji ule pia, ambalo kwa muda mfupi lilituma wahubiri kadhaa mashuhuri.Some of the dispersed ministers having fled to Antioch in Syria, began to preach to the greeks in that city about the same time, and had good success; upon which the apostles sent Paul and Barnabas, who instructed and strengthened them, and a church was formed in that city also, which in a little time sent out several eminent preachers.

Katika Matendo ya mitume tunayo habari ya safari nne kuu ambazo Paulo na wenzake walizifanya. Ya kwanza, ambayo alifuatana na Barnaba, imeandikwa katika sura ya 13 na 14, na ilikuwa shambulio la kwanza dhidi ya ulimwengu wa wapagani. Ilikuwa safari ya Asia Ndogo. Njiani walipita kisiwa cha Kipro. Mara tu walipoanza kazi yao, walikutana na ugumu mkubwa; kwa maana Marko, ambaye walimchukua kama mhudumu wao, aliwaacha, akarudi Yerusalemu, ambako, inaonekana, alidhani angepata utulivu mkubwa zaidi. Hata hivyo Paulo na Barnaba waliendelea; katika kila mji walilihubiri neno la Bwana, wakiingia katika masinagogi ya Wayahudi na kuwahubiria Kristo kwanza wao, kisha Mataifa. Walisikilizwa kwa wema na hamu kubwa na wengine, na kukataliwa kwa ukaidi na ghadhabu na mateso makali na wengine. Wakati mmoja walikuwa na kazi kubwa kuwazuia watu wasiwaabudu kama miungu, na punde baadaye, Paulo alipigwa mawe, akaburutwa nje ya mji, na kuachwa kama amekufa. Baada ya kuingia mbali hadi Derbe, waliona ni vema kurudi kwa njia ile ile walimokuja, wakipitia kila mji walipopanda mbegu njema, na kwa kuwa katika wengi, kama si wote, wa mahali hapo walipata baadhi waliokubali injili, waliwaonya na kuwatia nguvu katika imani, wakawaunda kuwa kanisa, wakawaweka wazee, wakafunga na kuomba pamoja nao; na kwa hiyo wakiwakabidhi kwa Bwana ambaye walimwamini, walirudi Antiokia ya Shamu, ambako walianzia safari, wakalisimulia kanisa yote Mungu aliyoyafanya pamoja nao, na jinsi alivyowafungulia Mataifa mlango wa imani.In the Acts of the apostles we have an account of four of the principal journies which Paul, and his companions undertook. The first, in which he was accompanied by Barnabas, is recorded in the xiii. and xiv. chapters, and was the first attack on the heathen world. It was a journey into the lesser Asia. In their way they passed over the island of Cyprus. No sooner had they entered on their undertaking, than they met with great difficulty; for Mark, whom they had taken as their minister, deserted them, and returned to Jerusalem, where, it seems, he thought he should enjoy the greatest quiet. Paul and Barnabas however went forward; in every city they preached the word of the Lord, entering into the jewish synagogues and first preaching Christ to them, and then to the gentiles. They were heard with great candour and eagerness by some, and rejected by others with obstinacy and wrath, and cruel persecution. One while they had enough to do to restrain the people from worshipping them as gods, and soon after, Paul was stoned, dragged out of the city, and left for dead. Having penetrated as far as Derbe, they thought proper to return by the way that they came, calling at every city where they had sown the good seed, and finding in most, if not all these places, some who had embraced the gospel, they exhorted and strengthened them in the faith, formed them into a church state, and ordained them elders, fasted and prayed with them; and so having commended them to the Lord on whom they had believed, returned to Antioch in Syria, from whence they first set out, and rehearsed to the church all that God had done with them, and how he had opened the door of faith to the gentiles.

Wakati huo, mzozo ulizuka katika makanisa kuhusu tohara, Paulo na Barnaba wakatumwa kwenda Yerusalemu, kushauriana na mitume na wazee juu ya jambo hilo. Jambo hili likiisha kutatuliwa, wao, wakifuatana na Yuda na Sila, walirudi Antiokia na uamuzi wa jumla, wakakaa huko kwa muda, wakifundisha na kuhubiri neno la Bwana.About this time a dispute arising in the churches concerning circumcision, Paul and Barnabas were deputed to go up to Jerusalem, to consult the apostles and elders on the subject. This business being adjusted, they, accompanied with Judas and Silas, returned to Antioch with the general resolution, and continued there for a season, teaching and preaching the word of the Lord.

Paulo sasa alimpendekezea Barnaba, mwenzake katika kazi, kwamba watembelee ndugu zao katika mahali walipokwisha kuwa, wapate kuona hali zao. Barnaba alikubali kwa hiari, lakini tofauti ilitokea kati yao kuhusu kumchukua Yohana Marko, aliyewaacha hapo awali, hata watumishi hawa wawili mashuhuri wa Mungu wakatengana, na inaonekana hawakusafiri pamoja tena kamwe. Hata hivyo kila mmoja aliendelea kutumikia kazi ya Kristo, ingawa hawakuweza kutembea pamoja. Barnaba alimchukua Yohana, akasafiri kwa meli hadi Kipro, kisiwa alichozaliwa, na Paulo alimchukua Sila, akapitia Shamu na Kilikia hadi Derbe na Listra, miji ambayo yeye na Barnaba walihubiri katika safari yao ya kwanza.Paul now proposed to Barnabas, his fellow-labourer, that they might visit their brethren in the places where they had been already, and see how they did. To this Barnabas readily acceded, but a difference arising between them about taking John Mark with them, who had deserted them before, these two eminent servants of God were parted asunder, and never appear to have travelled together any more. They continued however each to serve in the cause of Christ, though they could not walk together. Barnabas took John, and sailed to Cyprus, his native island, and Paul took Silas, and went through Syria and Cilicia to Derbe and Lystra, cities where he and Barnabas had preached in their first excursion.

Huko walimpata Timotheo, kijana mwenye kuahidi, ambaye walimtia moyo ajishughulishe na huduma.Here they found Timothy, a promising young man, whom they encouraged to engage in the ministry.

Paulo, akiwa sasa Listra, ambayo ilikuwa mpaka wa safari yake ya kwanza, na baada ya kutembelea makanisa yaliyokwisha kupandwa, na kuwafikishia maazimio ya mitume na wazee kuhusu tohara, inaonekana alihisi moyo wake umepanuliwa, akajaribu kuendeleza kazi tukufu ya kuhubiri injili kwa wapagani kwa upana zaidi. Pamoja na Sila na Timotheo, katika safari yake ya pili[2] alielekea magharibi, akipitia Frugia na mkoa wa Galatia. Baada ya kulihubiri neno katika sehemu hizi kwa mafanikio makubwa,[3] yeye na wenzake walitaka kwenda Asia ya jimbo la Kirumi, na baadaye wakajaribu kwenda Bithinia; lakini wakazuiliwa na Roho Mtakatifu, ambaye inaonekana alikuwa na kusudi maalumu la kuwatumia mahali pengine; wakipita Misia wakashuka Troa pwani. Hapa maono yalimtokea Paulo, ambamo alialikwa kuvuka kwenda Makedonia. Wakitii maono ya mbinguni, na kutiwa moyo sana nayo, walivuka Bahari ya Aegea upesi, na kupita kisiwa cha Samothrake, wakatua Neapoli, na kutoka hapo kwenda Filipi, mji mkuu wa sehemu ile ya Makedonia. Hapa ndipo Paulo alipohubiri siku ya Sabato kwa wanawake wachache kando ya mto, na Lidia, mwanamke wa Thiatira, aligeuzwa na kubatizwa, na nyumba yake pamoja naye. Hapa ndipo msichana maskini, ambaye aliwaletea waajiri wake faida kubwa kwa kutabiri matukio, aliwafuata mitume, akatolewa pepo wa uaguzi, kwa sababu hiyo mabwana wake walikasirika sana, wakachochea ghasia, matokeo yake Paulo na Sila walitiwa gerezani. Lakini hata hili lilitumiwa kwa mafanikio ya injili, kwa kuwa mlinzi wa gereza, na nyumba yake yote, walifikia kumwamini Bwana Yesu Kristo, wakabatizwa.Paul being now at Lystra, which was the boundary of his first excursion, and having visited the churches already planted, and delivered to them the decrees of the apostles and elders relating to circumcision, seems to have felt his heart enlarged, and assayed to carry on the glorious work of preaching the gospel to the heathen to a greater extent. With Silas and Timotheus he in his second journey[2] took a western direction, passing through Phrygia, and the region of Galatia. Having preached the word in these parts with considerable success,[3] he and his companions wished to have gone into the proconsular Asia, and afterwards assayed to go into Bythinia; but being forbidden of the Holy Ghost, who seems to have had a special design of employing them elsewhere; passing by Mysia they came down to Troas on the sea-coast. Here a vision appeared to Paul, in which he was invited to go over to Macedonia. Obedient to the heavenly vision, and greatly encouraged by it, they with all speed crossed the Egean Sea, and passing through the island of Samothracia, landed at Neapolis, and went from thence to Philippi, the chief city of that part of Macedonia. It was here that Paul preached on a Sabbath day to a few women by a river side, and Lydia, a woman of Thyatira, was converted and baptized, and her household with her. It was here that a poor girl, who brought her employers considerable profit by foretelling events, followed the apostles, had her spirit of divination ejected, on which account her masters were much irritated, and raised a tumult, the effect of which was, that Paul and Silas were imprisoned. But even this was over-ruled for the success of the gospel, in that the keeper of the prison, and all his house, were thereby brought to believe in the Lord Jesus Christ, and were baptized.

Tanbihi ya 2 ya Carey: Habari ya safari hii ya pili kwenda ulimwengu wa wapagani huanza Mdo. 15:40 na kuisha sura ya 18:22.Carey’s footnote 2: The account of this second journey into the heathen world begins at Acts xv. 40. and ends chap. xviii. 22.

Tanbihi ya 3 ya Carey: Tazama sura ya 18:23 na Gal. 1:2.Carey’s footnote 3: See ch. xviii. 23. and Gal i. 2.

Kutoka Filipi walipita Amfipoli, Apolonia, Thesalonike, (sasa Salonichi,) Beroya, Athene, na Korintho, wakiihubiri injili kila mahali walipokwenda. Kutoka hapo Paulo alipanda meli akasafiri hadi Shamu, akipita Efeso kwa muda mfupi tu, akiazimia kuwa Yerusalemu kwenye sikukuu ya Pasaka; na baada ya kulisalimu kanisa, alikuja Kaisaria, na kutoka huko Antiokia.From Philippi they passed through Amphipolis, Apollonia, Thessalonica, (now Salonichi,) Berea, Athens, and Corinth, preaching the gospel wherever they went. From hence Paul took ship and sailed to Syria, only giving a short call at Ephesus, determining to be at Jerusalem at the feast of the passover; and having saluted the church, he came to Cesarea, and from thence to Antioch.

Hapa safari ya pili ya Paulo iliisha, ambayo ilikuwa pana sana, na ilichukua miaka kadhaa ya wakati wake. Yeye na wenzake walikutana na magumu yao ndani yake, lakini pia walikuwa na faraja zao. Walitesiwa Filipi, kama ilivyokwisha kutajwa, na kwa kawaida waliwakuta Wayahudi kuwa maadui wao wakubwa wasiopatanishwa. Hawa walichochea ghasia, walikasirisha mioyo ya Mataifa dhidi yao, na kuwafuata kutoka mahali hadi mahali, wakiwafanyia madhara yote waliyoweza. Hivyo ndivyo ilivyokuwa hasa Thesalonike, Beroya, na Korintho. Lakini katikati ya mateso yao yote Mungu alikuwa pamoja nao, na aliwatia nguvu kwa njia mbalimbali. Beroya walipokelewa kwa wema, na mafundisho yao yakajaribiwa kwa haki kwa Maandiko Matakatifu; na kwa hiyo, imesemwa, wengi wao waliamini. Mahali pengine, ingawa walijifanya kumdharau mtume, wengine walishikamana naye. Katika Korintho upinzani ulipanda hadi kilele kikubwa; lakini Bwana alimtokea mtumishi wake katika maono, akisema, Usiogope, bali nena, wala usinyamaze; kwa maana mimi nipo pamoja nawe, wala hakuna mtu atakayekuvamia akakudhuru; kwa kuwa nina watu wengi katika mji huu. Na ahadi hiyo ilitimizwa kwa wingi katika moyo ulioonyeshwa na Galio, liwali, ambaye alikataa kusikiliza mashtaka ya Wayahudi, na kwa heshima alikataa kuingilia mambo yaliyo nje ya mamlaka yake. Kwa jumla makanisa kadhaa yalipandwa katika safari hii, ambayo kwa karne nyingi baadaye yaliangaza kama taa duniani.Here ended Paul’s second journey, which was very extensive, and took up some years of his time. He and his companions met with their difficulties in it, but had likewise their encouragements. They were persecuted at Philippi, as already noticed, and generally found the Jews to be their most inveterate enemies. These would raise tumults, inflame the minds of the gentiles against them, and follow them from place to place, doing them all the mischief in their power. This was the case especially at Thessalonica, Berea, and Corinth. But amidst all their persecutions God was with them, and strengthened them in various ways. At Berea they were candidly received, and their doctrine fairly tried by the Holy Scriptures; and therefore, it is said, many of them believed. At other places, though they affected to despise the apostle, yet some clave unto him. At Corinth opposition rose to a great height; but the Lord appeared to his servant in a vision, saying, Be not afraid, but speak, and hold not thy peace, for I am with thee, and no man shall set on thee to hurt thee; for I have much people in this city. And the promise was abundantly made good in the spirit discovered by Gallio, the proconsul, who turned a deaf ear to the accusations of the jews, and nobly declined interfering in matters beside his province. Upon the whole a number of churches were planted during this journey, which for ages after shone as lights in the world.

Paulo alipokwisha kuitembelea Antiokia, na kukaa huko kwa muda, alijiandaa kwa safari ya tatu kwenda nchi za wapagani, ambayo habari yake huanza Mdo. 18:23 na kuisha sura ya 21:17. Alipoanza tu alipita nchi yote ya Galatia na Frugia kwa mpangilio, akiwatia nguvu wanafunzi wote; na kupitia pwani za juu alifika Efeso. Huko kwa muda wa miezi mitatu, alihubiri kwa ujasiri katika sinagogi la Wayahudi, akibishana na kushawishi mambo ya ufalme wa Mungu. Lakini Wayahudi wenye mioyo migumu walipoikataa injili waziwazi, na kuinenea njia hiyo vibaya mbele ya umati, Paulo aliwatenga wanafunzi nao waziwazi, akakusanyika katika shule ya mtu mmoja Tirano. Hili, imesemwa, liliendelea kwa muda wa miaka miwili, hata wote waliokaa katika jimbo la Asia wakalisikia neno la Bwana Yesu, Wayahudi na Wayunani. Waganga wengine wa uchawi wakati huo walifichuliwa, na wengine wakageuzwa, wakachoma vitabu vyao na kuungama matendo yao. Hivyo neno la Bwana lilikua kwa nguvu na kushinda.When Paul had visited Antioch, and spent some time there, he prepared for a third journey into heathen countries, the account of which begins Acts xviii. 23. and ends chap. xxi. 17. At his first setting out he went over the whole country of Galatia and Phrygia in order, strengthening all the disciples; and passing through the upper coasts came to Ephesus. There for the space of three months, he boldly preached in the jewish synagogue, disputing, and persuading the things concerning the kingdom of God. But when the hardened jews had openly rejected the gospel, and spake evil of that way before the multitude, Paul openly separated the disciples from them, and assembled in the school of one Tyrannus. This, it is said, continued for the space of two years, so that all they who dwelt in the proconsular Asia heard the word of the Lord Jesus, both jews and greeks. Certain magicians, about this time were exposed, and others converted, who burnt their books, and confessed their deeds. So mightily grew the word of the Lord, and prevailed.

Baada ya haya ghasia ilipoinuliwa na Demetrio, mfua fedha, Paulo alikwenda Makedonia, akatembelea makanisa yaliyopandwa katika safari yake ya awali, na kutoka huko alipita hadi Ugiriki. Baada ya kuhubiri huku na huko kwa miezi mitatu, alifikiria kusafiri kwa meli moja kwa moja kwenda Shamu; lakini ili kuwaepuka Wayahudi, waliomvizia karibu na pwani, alichukua njia nyingine kupitia Makedonia, na kutoka huko hadi Troa, kwa njia ya Filipi. Hakuna kutajwa katika safari yake ya awali kwamba alihubiri Troa; hata hivyo inaonekana alihubiri, na kanisa likakusanywa, ambalo mtume wakati huu alijiunga nalo katika kumega mkate. Hapa ndipo alipohubiri usiku kucha, na kumfufua Eutiko, aliyeshindwa na usingizi, akaanguka, akaokotwa amekufa. Kutoka hapo walisafiri kwa meli kwenda Shamu, na njiani walipita Mileto, ambako Paulo aliwaita wazee wa kanisa la Efeso, akatoa kwaheri ile ya heshima kuu na upendo, iliyoandikwa katika sura ya 20 ya Matendo ya Mitume. Kutoka hapo walisafiri hadi Tiro, ambako walikaa siku saba, na kutoka huko wakaendelea hadi Yerusalemu.After this an uproar being raised by Demetrius, the silversmith, Paul went into Macedonia, visited the churches planted in his former journey, and from thence passed into Greece. Having preached up and down for three months, he thought of sailing from thence directly to Syria; but in order to avoid the jews, who laid wait for him near the sea coast, he took another course through Macedonia, and from thence to Troas, by the way of Philippi. There is no mention made in his former journey of his having preached at Troas; yet it seems he did, and a church was gathered, with whom the apostle at this time united in breaking of bread. It was here that he preached all night, and raised Eutychus, who being overcome with sleep, had fallen down, and was taken up dead. From hence they set sail for Syria, and in their way called at Miletus, where Paul sent for the elders of the church of Ephesus, and delivered that most solemn and affectionate farewell, recorded in the 20th chapter of the Acts of the Apostles. From hence they sailed for Tyre, where they tarried seven days, and from thence proceeded to Jerusalem.

Safari ya nne na ya mwisho ya Paulo (au tuseme usafiri wa baharini) ilikuwa kwenda Roma, ambako alikwenda kama mfungwa. Kwa maana alipokuwa Yerusalemu alikamatwa upesi na Wayahudi; lakini alipookolewa na Lisia, akida mkuu, alitumwa Kaisaria kufanyiwa kesi. Hapa alijitetea mbele ya Felisi na Drusila, kwa namna ambayo hakimu, badala ya mfungwa, alifanywa kutetemeka. Hapa pia alijitetea mbele ya Festo, Agripa, na Bernike, kwa nguvu ya ushahidi hivi kwamba Agripa karibu ashawishike kuwa Mkristo. Lakini chuki ya Wayahudi ilipokuwa haitosheki, na Paulo akijiona yuko hatarini kutolewa mikononi mwao, alilazimika kukata rufaa kwa Kaisari. Hili lilikuwa sababu ya yeye kutumwa Roma, ambako alifika baada ya usafiri mrefu na hatari, na baada ya kuvunjikiwa merikebu katika kisiwa cha Melita, ambako alifanya miujiza, na Publio, liwali, aligeuzwa.Paul’s fourth and last journey (or rather voyage) was to Rome, where he went in the character of a prisoner. For being at Jerusalem he was quickly apprehended by the jews; but being rescued by Lysias, the chief captain, he was sent to Cesarea to take his trial. Here he made his defence before Felix and Drusilla, in such sort that the judge, instead of the prisoner, was made to tremble. Here also he made his defence before Festus, Agrippa, and Bernice, with such force of evidence that Agrippa was almost persuaded to be a Christian. But the malice of the jews being insatiable, and Paul finding himself in danger of being delivered into their hands, was constrained to appeal unto Caesar. This was the occasion of his being sent to Rome, where he arrived after a long and dangerous voyage, and being shipwrecked on the island of Melita, where he wrought miracles, and Publius, the governor, was converted.

Alipofika Roma aliwahutubia wananchi wenzake Wayahudi, baadhi yao waliamini; lakini wengine walipoikataa injili, aliwaacha akageukia Mataifa, na kwa miaka miwili yote alikaa katika nyumba yake mwenyewe aliyoipangisha akihubiri ufalme wa Mungu, na kufundisha mambo yamhusuyo Bwana Yesu Kristo, kwa ujasiri wote, pasipo kuzuiliwa na mtu.When he arrived at Rome he addressed his countrymen the jews, some of whom believed; but when others rejected the gospel, he turned from them to the gentiles, and for two whole years dwelt in his own hired house preaching the kingdom of God, and teaching those things which concern the Lord Jesus Christ, with all confidence, no man forbidding him.

Hadi hapa historia ya Matendo ya Mitume inatuarifu juu ya mafanikio ya neno katika zama za kwanza; na historia inatuarifu kwamba lilihubiriwa wakati huu katika mahali pengine pengi. Petro anasema juu ya kanisa huko Babeli; Paulo alipendekeza safari ya kwenda Hispania, na kwa kawaida huaminika kwamba alikwenda huko, na vilevile alikuja Ufaransa na Uingereza. Andrea alihubiri kwa Waskiti, kaskazini mwa Bahari Nyeusi. Yohana inasemekana alihubiri India, na tunajua kwamba alikuwa kisiwa cha Patmo, katika Archipelago. Filipo inaripotiwa alihubiri Asia ya juu, Skiti, na Frugia; Bartholomayo India, upande huu wa Ganges, Frugia, na Armenia; Mathayo Arabuni, au Ethiopia ya Asia, na Parthia; Tomaso India, hadi pwani ya Coromandel, na wengine husema katika kisiwa cha Ceylon; Simoni Mkananayo, Misri, Kirene, Mauritania, Libya, na sehemu nyingine za Afrika, na kutoka hapo inasemekana alikuja Uingereza; na Yuda inasemekana alijishughulisha hasa Asia Ndogo, na Ugiriki. Kazi zao zilikuwa wazi zimeenea sana, na zilikuwa na mafanikio makubwa; hata Pliny mdogo, aliyeishi muda mfupi baada ya kifo cha mitume, katika barua kwa maliki Trajan, alieleza kwamba Ukristo ulikuwa umeenea, si kupitia miji na majiji tu, bali pia kupitia nchi nzima. Naam, kabla ya hapo, wakati wa Nero, ulikuwa umeenea sana hata ikaonekana ni lazima kuupinga kwa Amri ya Kifalme, na kwa hiyo mawali, na watawala wengine, walipewa jukumu la kuuangamiza.Thus far the history of the Acts of the Apostles informs us of the success of the word in the primitive times; and history informs us of its being preached about this time, in many other places. Peter speaks of a church at Babylon; Paul proposed a journey to Spain, and it is generally believed he went there, and likewise came to France and Britain. Andrew preached to the Scythians, north of the Black Sea. John is said to have preached in India, and we know that he was at the Isle of Patmos, in the Archipelago. Philip is reported to have preached in upper Asia, Scythia, and Phrygia; Bartholomew in India, on this side the Ganges, Phrygia, and Armenia; Matthew in Arabia, or Asiatic Ethiopia, and Parthia; Thomas in India, as far as the coast of Coromandel, and some say in the island of Ceylon; Simon, the Canaanite, in Egypt, Cyrene, Mauritania, Lybia, and other parts of Africa, and from thence to have come to Britain; and Jude is said to have been principally engaged in the lesser Asia, and Greece. Their labours were evidently very extensive, and very successful; so that Pliny, the younger, who lived soon after the death of the apostles, in a letter to the emperor, Trajan, observed that Christianity had spread, not only through towns and cities, but also through whole countries. Indeed before this, in the time of Nero, it was so prevalent that it was thought necessary to oppose it by an Imperial Edict, and accordingly the proconsuls, and other governors, were commissioned to destroy it.

Justin Martyr, aliyeishi karibu na katikati ya karne ya pili, katika mazungumzo yake na Trypho, alieleza kwamba hakuna sehemu ya wanadamu, ikiwa Wagiriki au washenzi, au wengine wowote, kwa jina lolote wanaloitwa, ikiwa Wasarmatia, au Wanomadi, wasio na nyumba, au Waskenite wa Arabia Petrea, walioishi katika mahema pamoja na mifugo yao, ambako dua na shukrani hazitolewi kwa Baba, muumba wa vitu vyote, kwa jina la Yesu Kristo. Irenayo, aliyeishi karibu mwaka 170, anasema juu ya makanisa yaliyoanzishwa Ujerumani, Hispania, Ufaransa, nchi za mashariki, Misri, Libya, na katikati ya ulimwengu. Tertuliano, aliyeishi na kuandika Karthago huko Afrika, karibu miaka ishirini baadaye, akihesabu nchi ambazo Ukristo ulikuwa umeingia, anataja Waparthia, Wamedi, Waelamu, Wamesopotamia, Waarmenia, Wafrugia, Wakapadokia, wakazi wa Ponto, Asia, Pamfilia, Misri, na sehemu za Afrika zaidi ya Kirene, Warumi, na Wayahudi, wa zamani wa Yerusalemu, wengi wa Wagetuli, mipaka mingi ya Wamauri, au Wamoor, katika Mauritania; sasa Barbary, Moroko, n.k., mipaka yote ya Hispania, mataifa mengi ya Wagaul, na sehemu za Uingereza ambazo Warumi hawakuweza kuzifikia; Wadakia, Wasarmatia, Wajerumani, Waskiti, na wakazi wa mataifa mengi yaliyofichika na majimbo, na visiwa vingi visivyojulikana kwake, ambavyo hakuweza kuvihesabu. Kazi za wahudumu wa injili, katika zama hizi za mwanzo, zilibarikiwa na Mungu kwa namna ya ajabu hivi kwamba mwandishi huyo wa mwisho alieleza, katika barua kwa Skapula, kwamba kama angeanza mateso Karthago yenyewe ingepunguzwa kwa theluthi kumi. Naam, na walikuwa wengi sana katika karne tatu za kwanza, hata mateso ya miaka kumi ya kuendelea na karibu ya kila mahali chini ya Diokletiano, hayakuweza kuwang’oa Wakristo, wala kuudhuru ujumbe wao.Justin Martyr, who lived about the middle of the second century, in his dialogue with Trypho, observed that there was no part of mankind, whether greeks or barbarians, or any others, by what name soever they were called, whether the Sarmatians, or the Nomades, who had no houses, or the Scenites of Arabia Petrea, who lived in tents among their cattle, where supplications and thanksgivings are not offered up to the Father, and maker of all things, through the name of Jesus Christ. Irenaeus, who lived about the year 170, speaks of churches that were founded in Germany, Spain, France, the eastern countries, Egypt, Lybia, and the middle of the world. Tertullian, who lived and wrote at Carthage in Africa, about twenty years afterwards, enumerating the countries where Christianity had penetrated, makes mention of the Parthians, Medes, Elamites, Mesopotamians, Armenians, Phrygians, Cappadocians, the inhabitants of Pontus, Asia, Pamphylia, Egypt, and the regions of Africa beyond Cyrene, the Romans, and Jews, formerly of Jerusalem, many of the Getuli, many borders of the Mauri, or Moors, in Mauritania; now Barbary, Morocco, &c. all the borders of Spain, many nations of the Gauls, and the places in Britain which were inaccessible to the Romans; the Dacians, Sarmatians, Germans, Scythians, and the inhabitants of many hidden nations and provinces, and of many islands unknown to him, and which he could not enumerate. The labours of the ministers of the gospel, in this early period, were so remarkably blessed of God, that the last mentioned writer observed, in a letter to Scapula, that if he began a persecution the city of Carthage itself must be decimated thereby. Yea, and so abundant were they in the three first centuries, that ten years constant and almost universal persecution under Dioclesian, could neither root out the Christians, nor prejudice their cause.

Baada ya hayo walipata kutiwa moyo sana chini ya maliki kadhaa, hasa Konstantino na Theodosio, na kazi kubwa sana ya Mungu iliendelezwa; lakini utulivu na utajiri vilivyoambatana na kanisa katika nyakati hizi vilitumika kuleta mafuriko ya ufisadi, ambayo hatua kwa hatua yalileta mfumo mzima wa upapa, ambao kwa njia yake yote yalionekana kupotea tena; na Shetani akasimamisha ufalme wake wa giza, hila, na mamlaka ya kibinadamu juu ya dhamiri, kote katika ulimwengu wa Kikristo.After this they had great encouragement under several emperors, particularly Constantine and Theodosius, and a very great work of God was carried on; but the ease and affluence which in these times attended the church, served to introduce a flood of corruption, which by degrees brought on the whole system of popery, by means of which all appeared to be lost again; and Satan set up his kingdom of darkness, deceit, and human authority over conscience, through all the Christian world.

Wakati wa Konstantino, mtu mmoja Frumentio alitumwa kuwahubiria Wahindi, na akapata mafanikio makubwa. Msichana mmoja Mkristo, aliyekuwa amechukuliwa mateka na Waiberia, au Wageorgia, karibu na Bahari ya Kaspi, aliwaarifu kweli za Ukristo, na alisikilizwa sana hata wakatuma kwa Konstantino ili wahudumu waje kuwahubiria neno. Wakati huo huo mataifa fulani ya kishenzi yaliyovamia Thrake, yalichukua Wakristo kadhaa mateka, ambao walihubiri injili; kwa njia hii wakazi wa Rhine, na Danube, Wakelti, na sehemu nyingine za Gaul, walileta kuukumbatia Ukristo. Wakati huu pia Yakobo wa Nisibi, alikwenda Uajemi kuwatia nguvu Wakristo, na kuwahubiria wapagani; na mafanikio yake yalikuwa makubwa hata Adiabene karibu yote ikawa ya Kikristo. Karibu mwaka 372, mtu mmoja Musa, mtawa, alikwenda kuwahubiria Wasaraceni, ambao wakati ule waliishi Arabuni, ambako alipata mafanikio makubwa; na wakati huu Wagothi, na mataifa mengine ya kaskazini, walipata ufalme wa Kristo ukienezwa zaidi kati yao, lakini ambao upesi sana uliharibiwa na Uariani.In the time of Constantine, one Frumentius was sent to preach to the Indians, and met with great success. A young woman who was a Christian, being taken captive by the Iberians, or Georgians, near the Caspian Sea, informed them of the truths of Christianity, and was so much regarded that they sent to Constantine for ministers to come and preach the word to them. About the same time some barbarous nations having made irruptions into Thrace, carried away several Christians captive, who preached the gospel; by which means the inhabitants upon the Rhine, and the Danube, the Celtae, and some other parts of Gaul, were brought to embrace Christianity. About this time also James of Nisbia, went into Persia to strengthen the Christians, and preach to the heathens; and his success was so great that Adiabene was almost entirely Christian. About the year 372, one Moses, a Monk, went to preach to the Saracens, who then lived in Arabia, where he had great success; and at this time the Goths, and other northern nations, had the kingdom of Christ further extended amongst them, but which was very soon corrupted with Arianism.

Muda mfupi baada ya hii ufalme wa Kristo ulienezwa zaidi kati ya Waskiti Wanomadi, ng’ambo ya Danube, na karibu mwaka 430, watu waitwao Waburgundi, walipokea injili. Miaka minne baadaye, Palladio alitumwa kuhubiri Scotland, na mwaka uliofuata Patrick alitumwa kutoka Scotland kuwahubiria Waairishi ambao kabla ya wakati wake hawakuwa na ustaarabu kabisa, na, wengine husema, walikula watu; hata hivyo, yeye alikuwa na faida, na aliweka misingi ya makanisa kadhaa Ireland. Muda mfupi baada ya hii kweli ilienea zaidi kati ya Wasaraceni, na mwaka 522, Zathus, mfalme wa Wakolkisi aliiunga mkono, na wengi wa taifa hilo waligeuzwa na kuwa Wakristo. Wakati huu pia kazi ilienezwa Ireland, na Finian, na Scotland na Konstantino na Kolumba; huyu wa mwisho alihubiri pia kwa Wapikti, na Brudaeo, mfalme wao, pamoja na wengine kadhaa, waligeuzwa. Karibu mwaka 541, Adadi, mfalme wa Ethiopia, aligeuzwa kwa kuhubiriwa na Mansionario; Waheruli ng’ambo ya Danube, sasa walitiishwa kwa imani, na Waabasgi, karibu na Milima ya Kaukasi.Soon after this the kingdom of Christ was further extended among the Scythian Nomades, beyond the Danube, and about the year 430, a people called the Burgundians, received the gospel. Four years after, that Palladius was sent to preach in Scotland, and the next year Patrick was sent from Scotland to preach to the Irish who before his time were totally uncivilized, and, some say, cannibals; he however, was useful, and laid the foundations of several churches in Ireland. Presently after this, truth spread further among the Saracens, and in 522, Zathus, king of the Colchians encouraged it, and many of that nation were converted to Christianity. About this time also the work was extended in Ireland, by Finian, and in Scotland by Constantine and Columba; the latter of whom preached also to the Picts, and Brudaeus, their king, with several others, were converted. About 541, Adad, the king of Ethiopia, was converted by the preaching of Mansionarius; the Heruli beyond the Danube, were now made obedient to the faith, and the Abasgi, near the Caucasian Mountains.

Lakini sasa upapa, hasa upande wake wa kulazimisha, ulikuwa umepanda hadi kimo hivi kwamba njia ya kawaida ya kueneza injili, au tuseme kile kilichoitwa hivyo, ilikuwa kuyashinda mataifa ya kipagani kwa nguvu za silaha, kisha kuyalazimisha kunyenyekea kwa Ukristo, na baada ya hapo maaskofu waliwekwa na watu wakatumwa kuwafundisha wananchi. Nitataja tu baadhi ya wale wanaosemekana kufanya kazi kwa namna hii.But now popery, especially the compulsive part of it, was risen to such an height, that the usual method of propagating the gospel, or rather what was so called, was to conquer pagan nations by force of arms, and then oblige them to submit to Christianity, after which bishopricks were erected, and persons then sent to instruct the people. I shall just mention some of those who are said to have laboured thus.

Mwaka 596, Austin, mtawa, Melito, Justo, Paulino, na Rusiniani, walifanya kazi Uingereza, na kwa njia yao walifanikiwa sana. Paulino, anayeonekana kuwa mmoja wa bora kati yao, alikuwa na mafanikio makubwa Northumberland; Birinio alihubiri kwa Wasaksoni wa Magharibi, na Felix kwa Waangli wa Mashariki. Mwaka 589, Amando Gallo alifanya kazi Ghent, Kelenio Artois, na Gallo na Kolumbano Suabia. Mwaka 648, Egidio Gallo Flanders, na Waevaldi wawili, Westphalia. Mwaka 684, Willifredi, Kisiwa cha Wight. Mwaka 688, Kiliani, Franconia ya juu. Mwaka 698, Bonifasi, au Winifredi, kati ya Wathuringi, karibu na Erfurt, Saxony, na Willibrodi Frisia ya Magharibi. Charlemagne aliishinda Hungaria mwaka 800, na kuwalazimisha wakazi kukiri Ukristo, ambapo Modesto pia alihubiri kwa Wavenedi, kwenye chanzo cha Save na Drave. Mwaka 833, Ansgario alihubiri Denmark, Gaudiberti Uswidi, na karibu mwaka 861, Methodio na Kirilo, Bohemia.In 596, Austin, the monk, Melitus, Justus, Paulinus, and Russinian, laboured in England, and in their way were very successful. Paulinus, who appears to have been one of the best of them, had great success in Northumberland; Birinnius preached to the West Saxons, and Felix to the East Angles. In 589, Amandus Gallus laboured in Ghent, Chelenus in Artois, and Gallus and Columbanus in Suabia. In 648, Egidius Gallus in Flanders, and the two Evaldi, in Westphalia. In 684, Willifred, in the Isle of Wight. In 688, Chilianus, in upper Franconia. In 698, Boniface, or Winifred, among the Thuringians, near Erford, in Saxony, and Willibroad in West-Friesland. Charlemagne conquered Hungary in the year 800, and obliged the inhabitants to profess Christianity, when Modestus likewise preached to the Venedi, at the source of the Save and Drave. In 833, Ansgarius preached in Denmark, Gaudibert in Sweden, and about 861, Methodius and Cyril, in Bohemia.

Karibu mwaka 500, Waskiti walivamia Bulgaria, na Ukristo ukang’olewa; lakini karibu mwaka 870 walirudishwa kugeuzwa tena. Poland ilianza kuletwa wakati huo huo, na baadaye, karibu 960 au 990, kazi iliendelezwa zaidi kati ya Wapoland na Waprusi. Kazi ilianza Norway mwaka 960, na Muscovy mwaka 989, Waswidi walieneza Ukristo Finland, mwaka 1168, Lithuania ikawa ya Kikristo mwaka 1386, na Samogitia mwaka 1439. Wahispania walilazimisha upapa kwa wakazi wa Amerika Kusini, na Wareno Asia.About the year 500, the Scythians over-run Bulgaria, and Christianity was extirpated; but about 870 they were re-converted. Poland began to be brought over about the same time, and afterwards, about 960 or 990, the work was further extended amongst the Poles and Prussians. The work was begun in Norway in 960, and in Muscovy in 989, the Swedes propagated Christianity in Finland, in 1168, Lithuania became Christian in 1386, and Samogitia in 1439. The Spaniards forced popery upon the inhabitants of South-America, and the Portuguese in Asia.

Wajesuiti walitumwa China mwaka 1552. Xavier, ambaye humwita mtume wa Wahindi, alifanya kazi Indies Mashariki na Japani, tangu 1541 hadi 1552, na mamilioni kadhaa ya Wakapuchini walitumwa Afrika katika karne ya kumi na saba. Lakini bidii kipofu, ushirikina mkubwa, na ukatili wa aibu, viliweka alama hivyo katika sura za dini wakati huu wote, hata wanaokiri Ukristo walihitaji kugeuzwa kama ulimwengu wa wapagani.The Jesuits were sent into China in 1552. Xavier, whom they call the apostle of the Indians, laboured in the East-Indies and Japan, from 1541 to 1552, and several millions of Capauchins were sent to Africa in the seventeenth century. But blind zeal, gross superstition, and infamous cruelties, so marked the appearances of religion all this time, that the professors of Christianity needed conversion, as much as the heathen world.

Watu wachache wacha Mungu walikuwa wamekimbia ufisadi wa jumla, na waliishi kwa kujificha katika mabonde ya Piedmont na Savoy, ambao walikuwa kama mbegu ya kanisa. Baadhi yao walilazimika mara kwa mara kusafiri kwenda sehemu nyingine, ambako walishuhudia kwa uaminifu dhidi ya ufisadi wa nyakati. Karibu mwaka 1369 Wickliffe alianza kuihubiri imani Uingereza, na uhubiri wake na maandishi yake yalikuwa njia ya kugeuzwa kwa idadi kubwa, wengi wao wakawa wahubiri bora; na kazi ilianzishwa ambayo baadaye ilienea Uingereza, Hungaria, Bohemia, Ujerumani, Uswisi, na mahali pengine pengi. John Huss na Jerome wa Prague, walihubiri kwa ujasiri na kwa mafanikio Bohemia, na sehemu jirani. Katika karne iliyofuata Luther, Calvin, Melanchthon, Bucer, Martyr, na wengine wengi, walisimama dhidi ya wengine wote duniani; walihubiri, wakaomba, wakaandika; na mataifa yalikubaliana moja baada ya jingine kuutupa nira ya upapa, na kuyakumbatia mafundisho ya injili.A few pious people had fled from the general corruption, and lived obscurely in the vallies of Piedmont and Savoy, who were like the seed of the church. Some of them were now and then necessitated to travel into other parts, where they faithfully testified against the corruptions of the times. About 1369 Wickliffe began to preach the faith in England, and his preaching and writings were the means of the conversion of great numbers, many of whom became excellent preachers; and a work was begun which afterwards spread in England, Hungary, Bohemia, Germany, Switzerland, and many other places. John Huss and Jerom of Prague, preached boldly and successfully in Bohemia, and the adjacent parts. In the following century Luther, Calvin, Melancton, Bucer, Martyr, and many others, stood up against all the rest of the world; they preached, and prayed, and wrote; and nations agreed one after another to cast off the yoke of popery, and to embrace the doctrine of the gospel.

Huko Uingereza, ukatili wa maaskofu ulifuata ukatili wa kipapa, ambao, mwaka 1620, uliwalazimisha watu wengi wacha Mungu kuacha nchi yao ya kuzaliwa na kukaa Amerika; hawa walifuatwa na wengine mwaka 1629, ambao waliweka misingi ya makanisa kadhaa ya injili, ambayo yameongezeka kwa kushangaza tangu wakati huo, na Mkombozi ameweka kiti chake cha enzi katika nchi hiyo, ambako muda mfupi uliopita, Shetani alikuwa na utawala wa ulimwengu mzima.In England, episcopal tyranny succeeded to popish cruelty, which, in the year 1620, obliged many pious people to leave their native land and settle in America; these were followed by others in 1629, who laid the foundations of several gospel churches, which have increased amazingly since that time, and the Redeemer has fixed his throne in that country, where but a little time ago, Satan had universal dominion.

Mwaka 1632, Bw. Elliot, wa New-England, mhudumu mcha Mungu na mwenye bidii sana, alianza kuwahubiria Wahindi (Indians), ambao kati yao alipata mafanikio makubwa; makanisa kadhaa ya Wahindi yalipandwa, na wahubiri kadhaa na walimu wa shule wakainuliwa kati yao; tangu wakati huo wengine wamefanya kazi kati yao kwa kutiwa moyo vizuri. Karibu mwaka 1743, Bw. David Brainerd alitumwa kuwa mmisionari kwa Wahindi wengine zaidi, ambako alihubiri, na kuomba, na baada ya muda kazi ya ajabu ya kugeuzwa ilitendeka, na mafanikio ya kushangaza yaliambatana na huduma yake. Na wakati huu wa sasa, Bw. Kirkland na Bw. Sergeant wanajishughulisha na kazi hiyo hiyo njema, na Mungu amezibariki kazi zao kwa kiasi kikubwa.In 1632, Mr. Elliot, of New-England, a very pious and zealous minister, began to preach to the Indians, among whom he had great success; several churches of Indians were planted, and some preachers and school-masters raised up amongst them; since which time others have laboured amongst them with some good encouragement. About the year 1743, Mr. David Brainerd was sent a missionary to some more Indians, where he preached, and prayed, and after some time an extraordinary work of conversion was wrought, and wonderful success attended his ministry. And at this present time, Mr. Kirkland and Mr. Sergeant are employed in the same good work, and God has considerably blessed their labours.

Mwaka 1706, mfalme wa Denmark alimtuma Bw. Ziegenbalg, na wengine kadhaa, Tranquebar, pwani ya Coromandel katika Indies Mashariki, ambao walikuwa wa faida kwa wenyeji, hata wapagani wengi waligeuzwa kwa Bwana. Kampuni ya Kiholanzi ya Indies Mashariki pia, ikiwa imepanua biashara yake, ilijenga mji wa Batavia, na kanisa lilifunguliwa huko; na Meza ya Bwana ilifanyika kwa mara ya kwanza, tarehe 3 Januari, 1621, na mhudumu wao James Hulzibos, kutoka hapo wahudumu kadhaa walitumwa Amboyna, ambao walikuwa na mafanikio makubwa. Seminari ya elimu ilijengwa Leyden, ambamo wahudumu na wasaidizi walielimishwa, chini ya Walaeus maarufu, na kwa miaka kadhaa idadi kubwa walitumwa Mashariki, kwa gharama ya Kampuni, hata kwa muda mfupi maelfu mengi Formosa, Malabar, Ternate, Jaffanapatnam, katika mji wa Columba, Amboyna, Java, Banda, Macassar, na Malabar, walikumbatia dini ya Bwana wetu Yesu Kristo. Kazi imedhoofika katika sehemu fulani, lakini sasa wana makanisa Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, Amboyna, na visiwa vingine vya viungo, na Rasi ya Tumaini Jema, Afrika.In 1706, the king of Denmark sent a Mr. Ziegenbalg, and some others, to Tranquebar, on the Coromandel coast in the East-Indies, who were useful to the natives, so that many of the heathens were turned to the Lord. The Dutch East-India Company likewise having extended their commerce, built the city of Batavia, and a church was opened there; and the Lord’s Supper was administered for the first time, on the 3d of January, 1621, by their minister James Hulzibos, from hence some ministers were sent to Amboyna, who were very successful. A seminary of learning was erected at Leyden, in which ministers and assistants were educated, under the renowned Walaeus, and some years a great number were sent to the East, at the Company’s expence, so that in a little time many thousands at Formosa, Malabar, Ternate, Jaffanapatnam, in the town of Columba, at Amboyna, Java, Banda, Macassar, and Malabar, embraced the religion of our Lord Jesus Christ. The work has decayed in some places, but they now have churches in Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, Amboyna, and some other of the spice islands, and at the Cape of Good Hope, in Africa.

Lakini hakuna wa nyakati za kisasa aliyewalinganisha Ndugu Wamoravia katika kazi hii njema; wametuma misheni Greenland, Labrador, na visiwa kadhaa vya India ya Magharibi (West Indies), ambavyo vimebarikiwa kwa mema. Wametuma pia Abyssinia, Afrika, lakini mafanikio gani waliyoyapata siwezi kusema.But none of the moderns have equalled the Moravian Brethren in this good work; they have sent missions to Greenland, Labrador, and several of the West-Indian Islands, which have been blessed for good. They have likewise sent to Abyssinia, in Africa, but what success they have had I cannot tell.

Marehemu Bw. Wesley hivi karibuni alifanya juhudi katika India ya Magharibi (West Indies), na baadhi ya wahudumu wao sasa wanafanya kazi kati ya Wakaribi na Wanegro (Negroes), na nimeona taarifa za kufurahisha juu ya mafanikio yao.The late Mr. Wesley lately made an effort in the West-Indies, and some of their ministers are now labouring amongst the Caribbs and Negroes, and I have seen pleasing accounts of their success.

3. Tathmini ya Hali ya Ulimwengu Mwaka 17923. A Survey of the State of the World in 1792

William Carey, An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians, to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens (Leicester, 1792), Sehemu ya III (“Ikiwa na Tathmini ya Hali ya Sasa ya Ulimwengu”). Maandishi kamili; majedwali manne ya Carey yametolewa kama aya, mstari mmoja kwa kila kipengele. Tafsiri za mambo ni za mwandishi.William Carey, An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians, to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens (Leicester, 1792), Section III (“Containing a Survey of the present State of the World”). Complete text; Carey’s four tables are given as paragraphs, one row per entry. The interpretations are the author’s.

Dokezo la CTS: Sehemu hii ni picha ya jinsi mchungaji Mwingereza alivyouona ulimwengu mwaka 1792, na inapaswa kusomwa kama historia, si kama maelezo ya watu wowote wa leo. Carey anatumia maneno ya wakati wake. “Wapagani” (Heathens, Pagans) humaanisha watu wasioijua injili; “washenzi” (savages) na “wakali/wasiostaarabika” (barbarous) vinaonyesha tabia ya Wazungu wa siku hizo ya kupima kila taifa kwa desturi za Ulaya; “Wapapa” (Papists) ni jina la Kiprotestanti kwa Wakatoliki wa Roma, na “Mahometans” ni jina la zamani kwa Waislamu; “Wanegro” (Negroes) lilikuwa neno kwa watu wa asili ya Afrika, ambao wengi wao wakati huo walikuwa watumwa katika makoloni anayoyataja. Maneno haya yanaweza kuumiza leo, na CTS inayanukuu kwa sababu tu hiki ni chanzo cha kihistoria. Carey mwenyewe anasisitiza kwamba watu hawa “wana uwezo wa kuelewa kama sisi,” kwamba ukatili mwingi unaodaiwa dhidi yao ulianza kama kujilinda, na kwamba tabia mbaya za Wazungu ziliongeza hali kuwa mbaya zaidi; mahali pengine katika Enquiry analaani biashara ya watumwa. Takwimu zake ni makadirio: anasema kwamba kwa nchi nyingi hakuwa na hesabu za kuaminika na alidhani tu wastani wa watu kwa kila maili ya mraba, na alitegemea ripoti za wasafiri wa karne ya kumi na nane. Majina mengi ya mahali, mipaka na namba sasa yamepitwa na wakati au yalikuwa na makosa hata wakati ule. Urefu na upana ni kwa maili; “in compass” maana yake mzingo. Neno la Carey “Ditto” (sawa na mstari wa juu) limehifadhiwa kama alivyoandika, “Vivyo hivyo.”CTS note: This section is a snapshot of how an English pastor saw the world in 1792, and it should be read as history, not as a description of any people today. Carey uses the words of his time. “Heathens” and “Pagans” mean peoples who did not know the gospel; “savages” and “barbarous” reflect the European habit of the day of measuring every people by European manners; “Papists” is a Protestant name for Roman Catholics, and “Mahometans” an old name for Muslims; “Negroes” was the term for people of African descent, many of whom were then enslaved in the colonies he lists. These words can wound today, and CTS reproduces them only because this is a historical source. Carey himself insists that these peoples are “as capable of knowledge as we are,” that much of the violence charged against them began as self-defence, and that European vices had made matters worse; elsewhere in the Enquiry he condemns the slave trade. His figures are estimates: he says that for most countries he had no reliable counts and simply assumed an average number of people per square mile, and he relied on travellers’ reports of the eighteenth century. Many place names, borders and numbers are now out of date or were mistaken even then. Lengths and breadths are in miles; “in compass” means circumference. Carey’s “Ditto” (the same as the line above) is kept as he wrote it.

SEHEMU YA III. Ikiwa na Tathmini ya Hali ya Sasa ya Ulimwengu.SECT. III. Containing a Survey of the present State of the World.

Katika tathmini hii nitauzingatia ulimwengu kama unavyogawanywa kwa kawaida katika sehemu nne, ULAYA, ASIA, AFRIKA, na AMERIKA, na nitazingatia ukubwa wa nchi mbalimbali, idadi ya watu wake, kiwango cha ustaarabu, na dini. Kipengele cha dini nitakigawanya katika Wakristo, Wayahudi, Waislamu (Mahometans), na Wapagani; na mara kwa mara nitaashiria madhehebu mahususi yanayotawala katika mahali nitakapoyaeleza. Majedwali yafuatayo yataonyesha mtazamo mpana zaidi wa kile ninachokusudia kuliko chochote ninachoweza kutoa juu ya jambo hili.In this survey I shall consider the world as divided, according to its usual division, into four parts, EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA, and AMERICA, and take notice of the extent of the several countries, their population, civilization, and religion. The article of religion I shall divide into Christian, Jewish, Mahometan, and Pagan; and shall now and then hint at the particular sect of them that prevails in the places which I shall describe. The following Tables will exhibit a more comprehensive view of what I propose, than any thing I can offer on the subject.

ULAYAEUROPE

Uingereza Kuu: maili 680 kwa 300; wakazi 12,000,000; Waprotestanti, wa madhehebu mengi. Ireland: maili 285 kwa 160; wakazi 2,000,000; Waprotestanti na Wapapa. Ufaransa: maili 600 kwa 500; wakazi 24,000,000; Wakatoliki, Wadeisti, na Waprotestanti. Hispania: maili 700 kwa 500; wakazi 9,500,000; Wapapa. Uswidi, pamoja na Uswidi yenyewe, Gothland, Shonen, Lapland, Bothnia, na Finland: maili 800 kwa 500; wakazi 3,500,000; Waswidi ni Walutheri wazito, lakini wengi wa Walapland ni Wapagani, na washirikina sana.Great-Britain: 680 by 300 miles; 12,000,000 inhabitants; Protestants, of many denominations. Ireland: 285 by 160 miles; 2,000,000 inhabitants; Protestants and Papists. France: 600 by 500 miles; 24,000,000 inhabitants; Catholics, Deists, and Protestants. Spain: 700 by 500 miles; 9,500,000 inhabitants; Papists. Sweden, including Sweden proper, Gothland, Shonen, Lapland, Bothnia, and Finland: 800 by 500 miles; 3,500,000 inhabitants; The Swedes are serious Lutherans, but most of the Laplanders are Pagans, and very superstitious.

Kisiwa cha Gothland: maili 80 kwa 23; wakazi 5,000. Oesel: maili 45 kwa 24; wakazi 2,500. Oeland: maili 84 kwa 9; wakazi 1,000. Dago: maili 26 kwa 23; wakazi 1,000. Aland: maili 24 kwa 20; wakazi 800. Hogland: maili 9 kwa 5; wakazi 100.Isle of Gothland: 80 by 23 miles; 5,000 inhabitants. Oesel: 45 by 24 miles; 2,500 inhabitants. Oeland: 84 by 9 miles; 1,000 inhabitants. Dago: 26 by 23 miles; 1,000 inhabitants. Aland: 24 by 20 miles; 800 inhabitants. Hogland: 9 by 5 miles; 100 inhabitants.

Denmark: maili 240 kwa 114; wakazi 360,000; Walutheri wa Maungamo ya Kihelvetia.Denmark: 240 by 114 miles; 360,000 inhabitants; Lutherans of the Helvetic Confession.

Kisiwa cha Zeeland: maili 60 kwa 60; wakazi 284,000; Vivyo hivyo. Funen: maili 38 kwa 32; wakazi 144,000; Vivyo hivyo. Arroe: maili 8 kwa 2; wakazi 200; Vivyo hivyo. Iceland: maili 435 kwa 185; wakazi 60,000; Vivyo hivyo. Langeland: maili 27 kwa 12; wakazi 3,000; Vivyo hivyo. Laland: maili 38 kwa 30; wakazi 148,000; Vivyo hivyo. Falster: maili 27 kwa 12; wakazi 3,000; Vivyo hivyo. Mona: maili 14 kwa 5; wakazi 600; Vivyo hivyo. Alsen: maili 15 kwa 6; wakazi 600; Vivyo hivyo. Femeren: maili 13 kwa 8; wakazi 1,000; Vivyo hivyo.Isle of Zeeland: 60 by 60 miles; 284,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Funen: 38 by 32 miles; 144,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Arroe: 8 by 2 miles; 200 inhabitants; Ditto. Iceland: 435 by 185 miles; 60,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Langeland: 27 by 12 miles; 3,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Laland: 38 by 30 miles; 148,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Falster: 27 by 12 miles; 3,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Mona: 14 by 5 miles; 600 inhabitants; Ditto. Alsen: 15 by 6 miles; 600 inhabitants; Ditto. Femeren: 13 by 8 miles; 1,000 inhabitants; Ditto.

Kisiwa cha Bornholm: maili 20 kwa 12; wakazi 2,000; Walutheri. Greenland: ukubwa haujagunduliwa; wakazi 7,000; Wapagani, na Wakristo Wamoravia. Norway: maili 750 kwa 170; wakazi 724,000; Walutheri. Visiwa 24 vya Faro: wakazi 4,500; Vivyo hivyo. Lapland ya Denmark: maili 285 kwa 172; wakazi 100,000; Vivyo hivyo, na Wapagani. Poland: maili 700 kwa 680; wakazi 9,000,000; Wapapa, Walutheri, Wakalvini, na Wayahudi.Isle of Bornholm: 20 by 12 miles; 2,000 inhabitants; Lutherans. Greenland: extent undiscovered; 7,000 inhabitants; Pagans, and Moravian Christians. Norway: 750 by 170 miles; 724,000 inhabitants; Lutherans. 24 Faro Isles: 4,500 inhabitants; Ditto. Danish Lapland: 285 by 172 miles; 100,000 inhabitants; Ditto, and Pagans. Poland: 700 by 680 miles; 9,000,000 inhabitants; Papists, Lutherans, Calvinists, & Jews.

Prussia[4]: maili 400 kwa 160; wakazi 2,500,000; Wakalvini, Wakatoliki, na Walutheri. Sardinia: maili 135 kwa 57; wakazi 600,000; Wapapa. Sicily: maili 180 kwa 92; wakazi 1,000,000; Vivyo hivyo. Italia: maili 660 kwa 120; wakazi 20,000,000; Vivyo hivyo. Uholanzi Iliyoungana: maili 150 kwa 150; wakazi 2,000,000; Waprotestanti wa madhehebu kadhaa. Uholanzi ya Austria: maili 200 kwa 200; wakazi 2,500,000; Wapapa na Waprotestanti.Prussia[4]: 400 by 160 miles; 2,500,000 inhabitants; Calvinists, Catholics, & Lutherans. Sardinia: 135 by 57 miles; 600,000 inhabitants; Papists. Sicily: 180 by 92 miles; 1,000,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Italy: 660 by 120 miles; 20,000,000 inhabitants; Ditto. United Netherlands: 150 by 150 miles; 2,000,000 inhabitants; Protestants of several denominations. Austrian Netherlands: 200 by 200 miles; 2,500,000 inhabitants; Papists and Protestants.

Uswisi: maili 200 kwa 100; wakazi 2,880,000; Wapapa na Waprotestanti. Grisons: maili 100 kwa 62; wakazi 800,000; Walutheri na Wapapa. Abasia ya St. Gall: maili 24 kwa 10; wakazi 50,000; Vivyo hivyo. Neufchatel: maili 32 kwa 20; wakazi 100,000; Wakalvini. Valais: maili 80 kwa 30; wakazi 440,000; Wapapa. Piedmont: maili 140 kwa 98; wakazi 900,000; Vivyo hivyo, na Waprotestanti.Switzerland: 200 by 100 miles; 2,880,000 inhabitants; Papists and Protestants. The Grisons: 100 by 62 miles; 800,000 inhabitants; Lutherans and Papists. The Abbacy of St. Gall: 24 by 10 miles; 50,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Neufchatel: 32 by 20 miles; 100,000 inhabitants; Calvinists. Valais: 80 by 30 miles; 440,000 inhabitants; Papists. Piedmont: 140 by 98 miles; 900,000 inhabitants; Ditto, and Protestants.

Savoy: maili 87 kwa 60; wakazi 720,000; Vivyo hivyo. Jiji la Geneva: wakazi 24,000; Wakalvini. Bohemia: maili 478 kwa 322; wakazi 2,100,000; Wapapa na Wamoravia. Hungaria: maili 300 kwa 200; wakazi 2,500,000; Wapapa. Ujerumani: maili 600 kwa 500; wakazi 20,000,000; Vivyo hivyo, na Waprotestanti. Urusi katika Ulaya: maili 1500 kwa 1100; wakazi 22,000,000; Kanisa la Kigiriki.Savoy: 87 by 60 miles; 720,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Geneva, City: 24,000 inhabitants; Calvinists. Bohemia: 478 by 322 miles; 2,100,000 inhabitants; Papists and Moravians. Hungary: 300 by 200 miles; 2,500,000 inhabitants; Papists. Germany: 600 by 500 miles; 20,000,000 inhabitants; Ditto, and Protestants. Russia in Europe: 1500 by 1100 miles; 22,000,000 inhabitants; Greek Church.

Uturuki katika Ulaya: maili 1000 kwa 900; wakazi 18,000,000; Wakristo Wagiriki, Wayahudi, na Waislamu. Budziac Tartary: maili 300 kwa 60; wakazi 1,200,000; Wakristo Wagiriki, Wayahudi, na Waislamu. Lesser Tartary (Tartari Ndogo): maili 390 kwa 65; wakazi 1,000,000; Vivyo hivyo. Crim Tartary: maili 145 kwa 80; wakazi 500,000; Vivyo hivyo.Turkey in Europe: 1000 by 900 miles; 18,000,000 inhabitants; Greek Christians, Jews, & Mahometans. Budziac Tartary: 300 by 60 miles; 1,200,000 inhabitants; Greek Christians, Jews, & Mahometans. Lesser Tartary: 390 by 65 miles; 1,000,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Crim Tartary: 145 by 80 miles; 500,000 inhabitants; Ditto.

Kisiwa cha Tenedos: maili 5 kwa 3; wakazi 200; Waislamu. Negropont: maili 90 kwa 25; wakazi 25,000; Vivyo hivyo. Lemnos: maili 25 kwa 25; wakazi 4,000; Vivyo hivyo. Paros: mzingo wa maili 36; wakazi 4,500; Wakristo Wagiriki. Lesbos, au Mitylene: mzingo wa maili 160; wakazi 30,000; Waislamu na Wagiriki. Naxia: mzingo wa maili 100; wakazi 8,000; Wagiriki na Wapapa. Scio, au Chios: mzingo wa maili 112; Wakristo Wagiriki, Wapapa, na Waislamu. Nio: mzingo wa maili 40; wakazi 1,000; Vivyo hivyo. Scyros: mzingo wa maili 60; wakazi 1,000; Vivyo hivyo. Mycone: mzingo wa maili 36; wakazi 3,000; Vivyo hivyo. Samos: maili 30 kwa 15; wakazi 12,000; Waislamu. Nicaria: mzingo wa maili 70; wakazi 3,000; Wakristo Wagiriki. Andros: mzingo wa maili 120; wakazi 4,000; Vivyo hivyo. Cyclades, Delos ukiwa mkuu: wakazi 700; Vivyo hivyo. Zia: mzingo wa maili 40; wakazi 8,000; Vivyo hivyo. Cerigo, au Cytheraea: mzingo wa maili 50; wakazi 1,000; Vivyo hivyo. Santorin: mzingo wa maili 36; wakazi 10,000; Vivyo hivyo, na Wapapa. Policandra: mzingo wa maili 8; wakazi 400; Vivyo hivyo. Patmo: mzingo wa maili 18; wakazi 600; Vivyo hivyo. Sephanto: mzingo wa maili 36; wakazi 5,000; Wagiriki. Claros: mzingo wa maili 40; wakazi 1,700; Waislamu. Amorgo: mzingo wa maili 36; wakazi 4,000; Wakristo Wagiriki. Leros: mzingo wa maili 18; wakazi 800; Wakristo na Waislamu. Therima: mzingo wa maili 40; wakazi 6,000; Wakristo Wagiriki. Stampalia: mzingo wa maili 50; wakazi 3,000; Vivyo hivyo. Salamis: mzingo wa maili 50; wakazi 1,000; Vivyo hivyo. Scarpanta: mzingo wa maili 20; wakazi 2,000; Vivyo hivyo. Cephalonia: mzingo wa maili 130; wakazi 50,000; Vivyo hivyo. Zant: mzingo wa maili 50; wakazi 30,000; Wakristo Wagiriki. Milo: mzingo wa maili 60; wakazi 40,000; Vivyo hivyo. Corfu: mzingo wa maili 120; wakazi 60,000; Vivyo hivyo. Candia, au Krete: maili 200 kwa 60; wakazi 400,000; Vivyo hivyo, na Waislamu. Coos, au Stanchia: mzingo wa maili 70; wakazi 12,800; Waislamu na Wakristo. Rodo: maili 60 kwa 25; wakazi 120,000; Vivyo hivyo. Kipro: maili 150 kwa 70; wakazi 300,000; Waislamu.Isle of Tenedos: 5 by 3 miles; 200 inhabitants; Mahometans. Negropont: 90 by 25 miles; 25,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Lemnos: 25 by 25 miles; 4,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Paros: 36 miles in compass; 4,500 inhabitants; Greek Christians. Lesbos, or Mitylene: 160 miles in compass; 30,000 inhabitants; Mahometans and Greeks. Naxia: 100 miles in compass; 8,000 inhabitants; Greeks and Papists. Scio, or Chios: 112 miles in compass; Greek Christians, Papists, & Mahometans. Nio: 40 miles in compass; 1,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Scyros: 60 miles in compass; 1,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Mycone: 36 miles in compass; 3,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Samos: 30 by 15 miles; 12,000 inhabitants; Mahometans. Nicaria: 70 miles in compass; 3,000 inhabitants; Greek Christians. Andros: 120 miles in compass; 4,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Cyclades, Delos the Chief: 700 inhabitants; Ditto. Zia: 40 miles in compass; 8,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Cerigo, or Cytheraea: 50 miles in compass; 1,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Santorin: 36 miles in compass; 10,000 inhabitants; Ditto, and Papists. Policandra: 8 miles in compass; 400 inhabitants; Ditto. Patmos: 18 miles in compass; 600 inhabitants; Ditto. Sephanto: 36 miles in compass; 5,000 inhabitants; Greeks. Claros: 40 miles in compass; 1,700 inhabitants; Mahometans. Amorgo: 36 miles in compass; 4,000 inhabitants; Greek Christians. Leros: 18 miles in compass; 800 inhabitants; Christians and Mahometans. Therima: 40 miles in compass; 6,000 inhabitants; Greek Christians. Stampalia: 50 miles in compass; 3,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Salamis: 50 miles in compass; 1,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Scarpanta: 20 miles in compass; 2,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Cephalonia: 130 miles in compass; 50,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Zant: 50 miles in compass; 30,000 inhabitants; Greek Christians. Milo: 60 miles in compass; 40,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Corfu: 120 miles in compass; 60,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Candia, or Crete: 200 by 60 miles; 400,000 inhabitants; Ditto, and Mahometans. Coos, or Stanchia: 70 miles in compass; 12,800 inhabitants; Mahometans and Christians. Rhodes: 60 by 25 miles; 120,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Cyprus: 150 by 70 miles; 300,000 inhabitants; Mahometans.

Tanbihi ya 4 ya Carey: Mali nyingine za Prussia, kwa kuwa zimetawanyika katika nchi kadhaa, zimehesabiwa kwa nchi hizo zilipo.Carey’s footnote 4: The rest of Prussian dominions being scattered about in several countries, are counted to those countries where they lie.

ASIAASIA

Uturuki katika Asia, ambayo inajumuisha Anatolia, Shamu, Palestina, Diabekr, Turcomania na Georgia: maili 1000 kwa 800; wakazi 20,000,000; Uislamu unatawala zaidi, lakini kuna Wakristo wengi Wagiriki, Walatini, Waeutikia, na Waarmenia. Arabuni: maili 1300 kwa 1200; wakazi 16,000,000; Waislamu. Uajemi: maili 1280 kwa 1140; wakazi 20,000,000; Vivyo hivyo, wa madhehebu ya Ali. Tartari Kuu: maili 4000 kwa 1200; wakazi 40,000,000; Waislamu na Wapagani. Siberia: maili 2800 kwa 960; wakazi 7,500,000; Wakristo Wagiriki na Wapagani. Samojedia: maili 2000 kwa 370; wakazi 1,900,000; Wapagani.Turkey in Asia, which contains Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, Diabekr, Turcomania and Georgia: 1000 by 800 miles; 20,000,000 inhabitants; Mahometanism is most prevalent, but there are many Greek, Latin, Eutychian, and Armenian Christians. Arabia: 1300 by 1200 miles; 16,000,000 inhabitants; Mahometans. Persia: 1280 by 1140 miles; 20,000,000 inhabitants; Ditto, of the Sect of Ali. Great Tartary: 4000 by 1200 miles; 40,000,000 inhabitants; Mahometans and Pagans. Siberia: 2800 by 960 miles; 7,500,000 inhabitants; Greek Christians and Pagans. Samojedia: 2000 by 370 miles; 1,900,000 inhabitants; Pagans.

Kamtschatcha: maili 540 kwa 236; wakazi 900,000; Vivyo hivyo. Nova Zembla: haijagunduliwa; ina watu wachache; Vivyo hivyo. China: maili 1400 kwa 1260; wakazi 60,000,000; Vivyo hivyo. Japani, ambayo inajumuisha Kisiwa cha Niphon: maili 900 kwa 360; wakazi 10,000,000; Vivyo hivyo.Kamtschatcha: 540 by 236 miles; 900,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Nova Zembla: undiscovered; thinly inhabited; Ditto. China: 1400 by 1260 miles; 60,000,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Japan, which contains Niphon Island: 900 by 360 miles; 10,000,000 inhabitants; Ditto.

Kisiwa cha Ximo: maili 210 kwa 200; wakazi 3,000,000; Wapagani. Xicoco: maili 117 kwa 104; wakazi 1,800,000; Vivyo hivyo. Tsussima: maili 39 kwa 34; wakazi 40,000; Vivyo hivyo. Iki: maili 20 kwa 17; wakazi 6,000; Vivyo hivyo. Kubitessima: maili 30 kwa 26; wakazi 8,000; Vivyo hivyo. Matounsa: maili 54 kwa 26; wakazi 50,000; Vivyo hivyo. Fastistia: maili 36 kwa 34; wakazi 30,000; Vivyo hivyo. Firando: maili 30 kwa 28; wakazi 10,000; Vivyo hivyo. Amacusa: maili 27 kwa 24; wakazi 6,000; Vivyo hivyo. Awasi: maili 30 kwa 18; wakazi 5,000; Vivyo hivyo.Isle of Ximo: 210 by 200 miles; 3,000,000 inhabitants; Pagans. Xicoco: 117 by 104 miles; 1,800,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Tsussima: 39 by 34 miles; 40,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Iki: 20 by 17 miles; 6,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Kubitessima: 30 by 26 miles; 8,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Matounsa: 54 by 26 miles; 50,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Fastistia: 36 by 34 miles; 30,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Firando: 30 by 28 miles; 10,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Amacusa: 27 by 24 miles; 6,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Awasi: 30 by 18 miles; 5,000 inhabitants; Ditto.

India ng’ambo ya Ganges: maili 2000 kwa 1000; wakazi 50,000,000; Waislamu na Wapagani. Indostan: maili 2000 kwa 1500; wakazi 110,000,000; Vivyo hivyo. Tibet: maili 1200 kwa 480; wakazi 10,000,000; Wapagani.India beyond the Ganges: 2000 by 1000 miles; 50,000,000 inhabitants; Mahometans and Pagans. Indostan: 2000 by 1500 miles; 110,000,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Tibet: 1200 by 480 miles; 10,000,000 inhabitants; Pagans.

Kisiwa cha Ceylon: maili 250 kwa 200; wakazi 2,000,000; Wapagani, isipokuwa Wakristo Waholanzi. Maldives: idadi 1000; wakazi 100,000; Waislamu. Sumatra: maili 1000 kwa 100; wakazi 2,100,000; Vivyo hivyo, na Wapagani. Java: maili 580 kwa 100; wakazi 2,700,000; Vivyo hivyo. Timor: maili 2400 kwa 54; wakazi 300,000; Vivyo hivyo, na Wakristo wachache. Borneo: maili 800 kwa 700; wakazi 8,000,000; Vivyo hivyo. Celebes: maili 510 kwa 240; wakazi 2,000,000; Vivyo hivyo. Boutam: maili 75 kwa 30; wakazi 80,000; Waislamu. Carpentyn: maili 30 kwa 3; wakazi 2,000; Wakristo Waprotestanti. Ourature: maili 18 kwa 6; wakazi 3,000; Wapagani. Pullo Lout: maili 60 kwa 36; wakazi 10,000; Vivyo hivyo.Isle of Ceylon: 250 by 200 miles; 2,000,000 inhabitants; Pagans, except the Dutch Christians. Maldives: 1000 in number; 100,000 inhabitants; Mahometans. Sumatra: 1000 by 100 miles; 2,100,000 inhabitants; Ditto, and Pagans. Java: 580 by 100 miles; 2,700,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Timor: 2400 by 54 miles; 300,000 inhabitants; Ditto, and a few Christians. Borneo: 800 by 700 miles; 8,000,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Celebes: 510 by 240 miles; 2,000,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Boutam: 75 by 30 miles; 80,000 inhabitants; Mahometans. Carpentyn: 30 by 3 miles; 2,000 inhabitants; Christian Protestants. Ourature: 18 by 6 miles; 3,000 inhabitants; Pagans. Pullo Lout: 60 by 36 miles; 10,000 inhabitants; Ditto.

Mbali na visiwa vidogo vya Manaar, Aripen, Caradivia, Pengandiva, Analativa, Nainandiva, na Nindundiva, ambavyo vinakaliwa na Wakristo Waprotestanti.Besides the little Islands of Manaar, Aripen, Caradivia, Pengandiva, Analativa, Nainandiva, and Nindundiva, which are inhabited by Christian Protestants.

Na Banca, Madura, Bally, Lambeck, Flores, Solor, Leolana, Panterra, Miscomby, na vingine kadhaa, vinavyokaliwa na Wapagani na Waislamu.And Banca, Madura, Bally, Lambeck, Flores, Solor, Leolana, Panterra, Miscomby, and several others, inhabited by Pagans and Mahometans.

Visiwa vya Moluccas ni: Banda: maili 20 kwa 10; wakazi 6,000; Wapagani na Waislamu. Buro: maili 25 kwa 10; wakazi 7,000; Vivyo hivyo. Amboyna: maili 25 kwa 10; wakazi 7,500; Wakristo;—Waholanzi wana makanisa 25. Ceram: maili 210 kwa 45; wakazi 250,000; Wapagani na Waislamu. Gillola: maili 190 kwa 110; wakazi 650,000; Vivyo hivyo.The Moluccas are: Banda: 20 by 10 miles; 6,000 inhabitants; Pagans and Mahometans. Buro: 25 by 10 miles; 7,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Amboyna: 25 by 10 miles; 7,500 inhabitants; Christians;—the Dutch have 25 churches. Ceram: 210 by 45 miles; 250,000 inhabitants; Pagans and Mahometans. Gillola: 190 by 110 miles; 650,000 inhabitants; Ditto.

Na Pully-way, Pullo-rin, Nera, Guamanapi, Guilliaien, Ternate, Motir, Machian, na Bachian, ambavyo vinakaliwa na Wapagani na Waislamu.And Pully-way, Pullo-rin, Nera, Guamanapi, Guilliaien, Ternate, Motir, Machian, and Bachian, which are inhabited by Pagans and Mahometans.

Kisiwa cha Mindanao: maili 60 kwa 40; wakazi 18,000; Wapagani na Waislamu. Bahol: maili 24 kwa 12; wakazi 6,000; Vivyo hivyo. Layta: maili 48 kwa 27; wakazi 10,000; Vivyo hivyo. Parragon: maili 240 kwa 60; wakazi 100,000; Vivyo hivyo.Isle of Mindanao: 60 by 40 miles; 18,000 inhabitants; Pagans and Mahometans. Bahol: 24 by 12 miles; 6,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Layta: 48 by 27 miles; 10,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Parragon: 240 by 60 miles; 100,000 inhabitants; Ditto.

Visiwa vya Calamines ni: Sebu: maili 60 kwa 24; wakazi 10,000; Wapapa. Mindora: maili 60 kwa 36; wakazi 12,000; Wapagani na Waislamu. Philippina: maili 185 kwa 120; wakazi 104,000; Vivyo hivyo. Kisiwa cha Negroes: maili 150 kwa 60; wakazi 80,000; Wapapa. Manilla: wakazi 31,000; Vivyo hivyo, na Wapagani.The Calamines are: Sebu: 60 by 24 miles; 10,000 inhabitants; Papists. Mindora: 60 by 36 miles; 12,000 inhabitants; Pagans and Mahometans. Philippina: 185 by 120 miles; 104,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Negroes Isle: 150 by 60 miles; 80,000 inhabitants; Papists. Manilla: 31,000 inhabitants; Ditto, and Pagans.

Visiwa vya Ladrone vinakaliwa na Wapagani wasiostaarabika kabisa.The Ladrone Islands are inhabited by most uncivilized Pagans.

Uholanzi Mpya (New Holland): maili 2500 kwa 2000; wakazi 12,000,000; Wapagani;—mhudumu 1 au 2 wako huko. New Zealand[5]: maili 960 kwa 180; wakazi 1,120,000; Vivyo hivyo. New Guinea: maili 1000 kwa 360; wakazi 1,900,000; Vivyo hivyo. New Britain: maili 180 kwa 120; wakazi 900,000; Vivyo hivyo. New Ireland: maili 180 kwa 60; wakazi 700,000; Vivyo hivyo. Onrong Java: kundi la visiwa; Vivyo hivyo.New Holland: 2500 by 2000 miles; 12,000,000 inhabitants; Pagans;—1 or 2 Ministers are there. New Zealand[5]: 960 by 180 miles; 1,120,000 inhabitants; Ditto. New Guinea: 1000 by 360 miles; 1,900,000 inhabitants; Ditto. New Britain: 180 by 120 miles; 900,000 inhabitants; Ditto. New Ireland: 180 by 60 miles; 700,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Onrong Java: a cluster of isles; Ditto.

New Caledonia: maili 260 kwa 30; wakazi 170,000; Vivyo hivyo. New Hebrides: Vivyo hivyo. Visiwa vya Friendly: idadi 20; Vivyo hivyo. Visiwa vya Sandwich: idadi 7; wakazi 400,000; Vivyo hivyo. Visiwa vya Society: idadi 6; wakazi 800,000; Vivyo hivyo. Visiwa vya Kurile: idadi 45; wakazi 50,000; Vivyo hivyo.New Caledonia: 260 by 30 miles; 170,000 inhabitants; Ditto. New Hebrides: Ditto. Friendly Isles: 20 in number; Ditto. Sandwich Isles: 7 in number; 400,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Society Isles: 6 in number; 800,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Kurile Isles: 45 in number; 50,000 inhabitants; Ditto.

Visiwa vya Pelew: Wapagani. Kisiwa cha Oonalashka: maili 40 kwa 20; wakazi 3,000; Vivyo hivyo. Visiwa vingine vya Bahari ya Kusini: Vivyo hivyo.Pelew Isles: Pagans. Oonalashka Isle: 40 by 20 miles; 3,000 inhabitants; Ditto. The other South-Sea Islands: Ditto.

Tanbihi ya 5 ya Carey: Visiwa viwili.Carey’s footnote 5: Two Islands.

AFRIKAAFRICA

Misri: maili 600 kwa 250; wakazi 2,200,000; Waislamu na Wayahudi. Nubia: maili 940 kwa 600; wakazi 3,000,000; Vivyo hivyo. Barbary: maili 1800 kwa 500; wakazi 3,500,000; Waislamu, Wayahudi, na Wakristo. Biledulgerid: maili 2500 kwa 350; wakazi 3,500,000; Waislamu, Wakristo, na Wayahudi. Zaara, au Jangwa: maili 3400 kwa 660; wakazi 800,000; Vivyo hivyo. Abyssinia: maili 900 kwa 800; wakazi 5,800,000; Wakristo Waarmenia.Egypt: 600 by 250 miles; 2,200,000 inhabitants; Mahometans and Jews. Nubia: 940 by 600 miles; 3,000,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Barbary: 1800 by 500 miles; 3,500,000 inhabitants; Mahometans, Jews, and Christians. Biledulgerid: 2500 by 350 miles; 3,500,000 inhabitants; Mahometans, Christians, and Jews. Zaara, or the Desart: 3400 by 660 miles; 800,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Abyssinia: 900 by 800 miles; 5,800,000 inhabitants; Armenian Christians.

Abex: maili 540 kwa 130; wakazi 1,600,000; Wakristo na Wapagani. Negroland: maili 2200 kwa 840; wakazi 18,000,000; Wapagani. Loango: maili 410 kwa 300; wakazi 1,500,000; Vivyo hivyo. Kongo: maili 540 kwa 220; wakazi 2,000,000; Vivyo hivyo. Angola: maili 360 kwa 250; wakazi 1,400,000; Vivyo hivyo. Benguela: maili 430 kwa 180; wakazi 1,600,000; Vivyo hivyo.Abex: 540 by 130 miles; 1,600,000 inhabitants; Christians and Pagans. Negroland: 2200 by 840 miles; 18,000,000 inhabitants; Pagans. Loango: 410 by 300 miles; 1,500,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Congo: 540 by 220 miles; 2,000,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Angola: 360 by 250 miles; 1,400,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Benguela: 430 by 180 miles; 1,600,000 inhabitants; Ditto.

Mataman: maili 450 kwa 240; wakazi 1,500,000; Vivyo hivyo. Ajan: maili 900 kwa 300; wakazi 2,500,000; Vivyo hivyo. Zanguebar (Zanzibar na pwani yake): maili 1400 kwa 350; wakazi 3,000,000; Vivyo hivyo. Monoemugi: maili 900 kwa 660; wakazi 2,000,000; Vivyo hivyo. Sofala: maili 480 kwa 300; wakazi 1,000,000; Wapagani. Terra de Natal: maili 600 kwa 350; wakazi 2,000,000; Vivyo hivyo.Mataman: 450 by 240 miles; 1,500,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Ajan: 900 by 300 miles; 2,500,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Zanguebar: 1400 by 350 miles; 3,000,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Monoemugi: 900 by 660 miles; 2,000,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Sofala: 480 by 300 miles; 1,000,000 inhabitants; Pagans. Terra de Natal: 600 by 350 miles; 2,000,000 inhabitants; Ditto.

Caffraria, au Nchi ya Wahottentot: maili 708 kwa 660; wakazi 2,000,000; Vivyo hivyo, na Wakristo wachache huko Rasi.Caffraria, or the Hottentots Country: 708 by 660 miles; 2,000,000 inhabitants; Ditto, and a few Christians at the Cape.

Kisiwa cha Madagascar: maili 1000 kwa 220; wakazi 2,000,000; Wapagani na Waislamu. St. Mary: maili 54 kwa 9; wakazi 5,000; Wapapa Wafaransa. Mascarin: maili 39 kwa 30; wakazi 17,000; Vivyo hivyo. St. Helena: mzingo wa maili 21; wakazi 1,000; Wakristo Waingereza na Wafaransa. Annabon: maili 16 kwa 14; wakazi 4,000; Wapapa Wareno. St. Thomas: maili 25 kwa 23; wakazi 9,000; Wapagani. Zocotora: maili 80 kwa 54; wakazi 10,000; Waislamu. Visiwa vya Comora: idadi 5; wakazi 5,000; Vivyo hivyo. Mauritius: mzingo wa maili 150; wakazi 10,000; Wapapa Wafaransa. Bourbon: mzingo wa maili 90; wakazi 15,000; Wapapa Wafaransa. Madeiras: idadi 3; wakazi 10,000; Wapapa. Visiwa vya Cape Verd: idadi 10; wakazi 20,000; Vivyo hivyo. Canaries: idadi 12; wakazi 30,000; Vivyo hivyo. Azores: idadi 9; wakazi 100,000; Vivyo hivyo. Maltha: maili 15 kwa 8; wakazi 1,200; Vivyo hivyo.Isle of Madagascar: 1000 by 220 miles; 2,000,000 inhabitants; Pagans and Mahometans. St. Mary: 54 by 9 miles; 5,000 inhabitants; French Papists. Mascarin: 39 by 30 miles; 17,000 inhabitants; Ditto. St. Helena: 21 miles in compass; 1,000 inhabitants; English and French Christians. Annabon: 16 by 14 miles; 4,000 inhabitants; Portuguese Papists. St. Thomas: 25 by 23 miles; 9,000 inhabitants; Pagans. Zocotora: 80 by 54 miles; 10,000 inhabitants; Mahometans. Comora Isles: 5 in number; 5,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Mauritius: 150 miles in compass; 10,000 inhabitants; French Papists. Bourbon: 90 miles in compass; 15,000 inhabitants; French Papists. Madeiras: 3 in number; 10,000 inhabitants; Papists. Cape Verd Isles: 10 in number; 20,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Canaries: 12 in number; 30,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Azores: 9 in number; 100,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Maltha: 15 by 8 miles; 1,200 inhabitants; Ditto.

AMERIKAAMERICA

Brazil: maili 2900 kwa 900; wakazi 14,000,000; Wapagani na Wapapa. Paraguay: maili 1140 kwa 460; wakazi 10,000,000; Wapagani. Chile: maili 1200 kwa 500; wakazi 2,000,000; Wapagani na Wapapa. Peru: maili 1800 kwa 600; wakazi 10,000,000; Wapagani na Wapapa. Nchi ya Waamazoni: maili 1200 kwa 900; wakazi 8,000,000; Wapagani. Terra Firma: maili 1400 kwa 700; wakazi 10,000,000; Wapagani na Wapapa.Brazil: 2900 by 900 miles; 14,000,000 inhabitants; Pagans and Papists. Paraguay: 1140 by 460 miles; 10,000,000 inhabitants; Pagans. Chili: 1200 by 500 miles; 2,000,000 inhabitants; Pagans and Papists. Peru: 1800 by 600 miles; 10,000,000 inhabitants; Pagans and Papists. Country of the Amazons: 1200 by 900 miles; 8,000,000 inhabitants; Pagans. Terra Firma: 1400 by 700 miles; 10,000,000 inhabitants; Pagans and Papists.

Guiana: maili 780 kwa 480; wakazi 2,000,000; Vivyo hivyo. Terra Magellanica: maili 1400 kwa 460; wakazi 9,000,000; Wapagani. Mexico ya Zamani: maili 2220 kwa 600; wakazi 13,500,000; Vivyo hivyo, na Wapapa. Mexico Mpya: maili 2000 kwa 1000; wakazi 14,000,000; Vivyo hivyo. Majimbo ya Amerika: maili 1000 kwa 600; wakazi 3,700,000; Wakristo, wa madhehebu mbalimbali. Terra de Labrador, Nova-Scotia, Louisiana, Canada, na nchi yote ya bara kutoka Mexico hadi Hudson’s-Bay: maili 1680 kwa 600; wakazi 8,000,000; Wakristo, wa madhehebu mbalimbali, lakini wengi wa Wahindi wa Amerika Kaskazini ni Wapagani.Guiana: 780 by 480 miles; 2,000,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Terra Magellanica: 1400 by 460 miles; 9,000,000 inhabitants; Pagans. Old Mexico: 2220 by 600 miles; 13,500,000 inhabitants; Ditto, and Papists. New Mexico: 2000 by 1000 miles; 14,000,000 inhabitants; Ditto. The States of America: 1000 by 600 miles; 3,700,000 inhabitants; Christians, of various denominations. Terra de Labrador, Nova-Scotia, Louisiana, Canada, and all the country inland from Mexico to Hudson’s-Bay: 1680 by 600 miles; 8,000,000 inhabitants; Christians, of various denominations, but most of the North American Indians are Pagans.

California, na kutoka huko kando ya nyuzi za latitudo ya kusini, na ndani ya bara hadi kukutana na kipengele cha juu: maili 2820 kwa 1380; wakazi 9,000,000; Wapagani. Yote kaskazini ya nyuzi 70: ukubwa haujulikani; Wapagani.California, and from thence along the degrees south latitude, and so far inland as to meet the above article: 2820 by 1380 miles; 9,000,000 inhabitants; Pagans. All to the north of 70 degrees: extent unknown; Pagans.

Cape Breton: maili 400 kwa 110; wakazi 20,000; Wakristo. Newfoundland: maili 350 kwa 200; wakazi 1,400; Waprotestanti. Kisiwa cha Cumberland: maili 780 kwa 300; wakazi 10,000; Wapagani. Madre de Dios: maili 105 kwa 30; wakazi 8,000; Vivyo hivyo. Terra del Fuego: maili 120 kwa 36; wakazi 5,000; Vivyo hivyo.Cape Breton: 400 by 110 miles; 20,000 inhabitants; Christians. Newfoundland: 350 by 200 miles; 1,400 inhabitants; Protestants. Cumberland’s Isle: 780 by 300 miles; 10,000 inhabitants; Pagans. Madre de Dios: 105 by 30 miles; 8,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Terra del Fuego: 120 by 36 miles; 5,000 inhabitants; Ditto.

Visiwa vyote vya Jirani na Cape Horn: Wapagani. Bermudas: maili 16 kwa 5; wakazi 20,000; Nusu Waingereza, na Nusu Watumwa.All the Islands in the Vicinity of Cape Horn: Pagans. The Bermudas: 16 by 5 miles; 20,000 inhabitants; Half English, and Half Slaves.

Visiwa vidogo vya Antilles ni: Aruba: maili 5 kwa 3; wakazi 200; Waholanzi, na Wanegro Wapagani. Curassoa: maili 30 kwa 10; wakazi 11,000; Vivyo hivyo. Bonaire: maili 10 kwa 3; wakazi 300; Vivyo hivyo. Margaritta: maili 40 kwa 24; wakazi 18,000; Wahispania, na Wanegro Wapagani. St Trinidad: maili 90 kwa 60; wakazi 100,000; Vivyo hivyo.The Little Antilles are: Aruba: 5 by 3 miles; 200 inhabitants; Dutch, and Pagan Negroes. Curassoa: 30 by 10 miles; 11,000 inhabitants; Ditto. Bonaire: 10 by 3 miles; 300 inhabitants; Ditto. Margaritta: 40 by 24 miles; 18,000 inhabitants; Spaniards, and Pagan Negroes. St Trinidad: 90 by 60 miles; 100,000 inhabitants; Ditto.

Visiwa vya Bahamas ni: Bahama: maili 50 kwa 16; wakazi 16,000; Wapagani. Providence: maili 28 kwa 11; wakazi 6,000; Vivyo hivyo.The Bahamas are: Bahama: 50 by 16 miles; 16,000 inhabitants; Pagans. Providence: 28 by 11 miles; 6,000 inhabitants; Ditto.

Mbali na Eluthera, Harbour, Lucayonegua, Andross, Cigateo, Guanaliana, Yumeta, Samana, Yuma, Mayaguana, Ynagua, Caieos, na Triangula—Wapagani.Besides Eluthera, Harbour, Lucayonegua, Andross, Cigateo, Guanaliana, Yumeta, Samana, Yuma, Mayaguana, Ynagua, Caieos, and Triangula—Pagans.

Visiwa vya Antilles ni: Cuba: maili 700 kwa 60; wakazi 1,000,000; Wapapa. Jamaica: maili 140 kwa 60; wakazi 400,000; Waingereza, na Wanegro Wapagani. St. Domingo: maili 450 kwa 150; wakazi 1,000,000; Wafaransa, Wahispania, na Wanegro. Porto Rico: maili 100 kwa 49; wakazi 300,000; Wahispania na Wanegro. Vache, au Kisiwa cha Ng’ombe: maili 18 kwa 2; wakazi 1,000; Vivyo hivyo.The Antilles are: Cuba: 700 by 60 miles; 1,000,000 inhabitants; Papists. Jamaica: 140 by 60 miles; 400,000 inhabitants; English, and Pagan Negroes. St. Domingo: 450 by 150 miles; 1,000,000 inhabitants; French, Spaniards, and Negroes. Porto Rico: 100 by 49 miles; 300,000 inhabitants; Spaniards and Negroes. Vache, or Cows I.: 18 by 2 miles; 1,000 inhabitants; Ditto.

Visiwa vya Virgin ni 12 kwa idadi, ambavyo Danes Island ndicho kikuu—Waprotestanti.The Virgin Isles are 12 in number, of which Danes Island is the principal—Protestants.

Visiwa vya Caribbees ni: St. Cruz: maili 30 kwa 10; wakazi 13,500; Waprotestanti Wadenmark. Anguilla: maili 30 kwa 9; wakazi 6,000; Waprotestanti, na Wanegro. St. Martin: maili 21 kwa 12; wakazi 7,500; Vivyo hivyo. St. Bartholomew: maili 6 kwa 4; wakazi 720; Vivyo hivyo. Barbuda: maili 20 kwa 12; wakazi 7,500; Vivyo hivyo. Saba: maili 5 kwa 4; wakazi 1,500; Vivyo hivyo. Guardulope: maili 45 kwa 38; wakazi 50,000; Wakatoliki, na Wanegro Wapagani. Marigalante: maili 15 kwa 12; wakazi 5,400; Vivyo hivyo. Tobago: maili 32 kwa 9; wakazi 3,400; Vivyo hivyo. Defiada: maili 12 kwa 6; wakazi 1,500; Vivyo hivyo. Granada: maili 30 kwa 15; wakazi 13,500; Waingereza, na Wanegro Wapagani. St. Lucia: maili 23 kwa 12; wakazi 5,000; Vivyo hivyo, na Wakaribi Wenyeji Wapagani. St. Eustatia: maili 6 kwa 4; weupe 5,000, Wanegro 15,000; Waholanzi, Waingereza, n.k. St. Christopher: maili 20 kwa 7; weupe 6,000, Wanegro 36,000; Waingereza. Nevis: maili 6 kwa 4; weupe 5,000, Wanegro 10,000; Vivyo hivyo. Antigua: maili 20 kwa 4; weupe 7,000, Wanegro 30,000; Vivyo hivyo. Montserrat: maili 6 kwa 4; weupe 5,000, Wanegro 10,000; Vivyo hivyo. Martinico: maili 6 kwa 4; weupe 20,000, Wanegro 50,000; Wafaransa. St. Vincent’s: maili 60 kwa 4; weupe 8,000, Wanegro 5,000; Hao 8,000 ni Wakaribi Wenyeji. Barbadoes: maili 24 kwa 4; weupe 30,000, Wanegro 100,000; Waingereza. Dominica: maili 28 kwa 4; wakazi 40,000; Vivyo hivyo, 2,000 kati yao ni Wakaribi Wenyeji. St. Thomas: mzingo wa maili 15; wakazi 8,000; Waprotestanti Wadenmark.The Caribbees are: St. Cruz: 30 by 10 miles; 13,500 inhabitants; Danish Protestants. Anguilla: 30 by 9 miles; 6,000 inhabitants; Protestants, and Negroes. St. Martin: 21 by 12 miles; 7,500 inhabitants; Ditto. St. Bartholomew: 6 by 4 miles; 720 inhabitants; Ditto. Barbuda: 20 by 12 miles; 7,500 inhabitants; Ditto. Saba: 5 by 4 miles; 1,500 inhabitants; Ditto. Guardulope: 45 by 38 miles; 50,000 inhabitants; Catholics, and Pagan Negroes. Marigalante: 15 by 12 miles; 5,400 inhabitants; Ditto. Tobago: 32 by 9 miles; 3,400 inhabitants; Ditto. Defiada: 12 by 6 miles; 1,500 inhabitants; Ditto. Granada: 30 by 15 miles; 13,500 inhabitants; English, and Pagan Negroes. St. Lucia: 23 by 12 miles; 5,000 inhabitants; Ditto, and Native Pagan Caribbs. St. Eustatia: 6 by 4 miles; whites 5,000, Negroes 15,000; Dutch, English, &c. St. Christopher: 20 by 7 miles; whites 6,000, Negroes 36,000; English. Nevis: 6 by 4 miles; whites 5,000, Negroes 10,000; Ditto. Antigua: 20 by 4 miles; whites 7,000, Negroes 30,000; Ditto. Montserrat: 6 by 4 miles; whites 5,000, Negroes 10,000; Ditto. Martinico: 6 by 4 miles; whites 20,000, Negroes 50,000; French. St. Vincent’s: 60 by 4 miles; whites 8,000, Negroes 5,000; The 8,000 are Native Caribbs. Barbadoes: 24 by 4 miles; whites 30,000, Negroes 100,000; English. Dominica: 28 by 4 miles; 40,000 inhabitants; Ditto, 2,000 of them Native Caribbs. St. Thomas: 15 miles in compass; 8,000 inhabitants; Danish Protestants.

Hii, kadiri ninavyoweza kupata habari, ndiyo hali ya ulimwengu; ingawa katika nchi nyingi, kama Uturuki, Arabuni, Tartari Kuu, Afrika, na Amerika, isipokuwa Marekani, na visiwa vingi vya Asia, hatuna taarifa za idadi ya wakazi zinazoweza kutegemewa. Kwa hiyo nimekadiria tu ukubwa, na kuhesabu idadi fulani kwa wastani kwa kila maili ya mraba; katika nchi nyingine zaidi, na nyingine kidogo, kulingana na hali zinavyoamua. Maelezo machache ya jumla juu yake yatahitimisha sehemu hii.This, as nearly as I can obtain information, is the state of the world; though in many countries, as Turkey, Arabia, Great Tartary, Africa, and America, except the United States, and most of the Asiatic Islands, we have no accounts of the number of inhabitants, that can be relied on. I have therefore only calculated the extent, and counted a certain number on an average upon a square mile; in some countries more, and in others less, according as circumstances determine. A few general remarks upon it will conclude this section.

KWANZA, wakazi wa ulimwengu kulingana na hesabu hii, wanafikia karibu milioni mia saba na thelathini na moja; milioni mia nne na ishirini kati yao bado wako katika giza la kipagani; milioni mia na thelathini ni wafuasi wa Muhammad; milioni mia ni wakatoliki; milioni arobaini na nne ni waprotestanti; milioni thelathini ni wa makanisa ya Kigiriki na Kiarmenia, na labda milioni saba ni Wayahudi. Lazima litamgusa kila akili inayofikiri, jinsi uwiano mkubwa wa wana wa Adamu ulivyopo ambao bado wanabaki katika hali ya kuhuzunisha zaidi ya giza la kipagani, bila njia yoyote ya kumjua Mungu wa kweli, isipokuwa zile wanazopewa na kazi za asili; na wasio na ujuzi wowote wa injili ya Kristo, wala njia yoyote ya kuupata. Katika nchi nyingi kati ya hizi hawana lugha iliyoandikwa, na kwa hiyo hawana Biblia, na huongozwa tu na desturi na mapokeo ya kitoto kabisa. Hali hii ni ya, kwa mfano, sehemu zote za kati na za nyuma za Amerika Kaskazini, sehemu za ndani za Amerika Kusini, Visiwa vya Bahari ya Kusini, Uholanzi Mpya, New Zealand, New Guinea; na naweza kuongeza Tartari Kuu, Siberia, Samojedia, na sehemu nyingine za Asia zinazopakana na bahari iliyoganda; sehemu kubwa ya Afrika, kisiwa cha Madagascar, na mahali pengine pengi. Katika sehemu nyingi kati ya hizi pia wao ni walaji wa watu, wakila nyama ya adui zao waliowaua, kwa ukatili mkubwa kabisa na hamu kubwa. Ukweli wa hili ulithibitishwa, pasipo shaka yoyote, na baharia mashuhuri wa hivi karibuni, Cooke, kuhusu Wanew Zealand na baadhi ya wakazi wa pwani ya magharibi ya Amerika. Dhabihu za wanadamu pia hutolewa mara nyingi sana, hata wiki chache hupita bila matukio ya aina hii. Kwa jumla wao ni wapagani maskini, wakali, walio uchi, wasio na ustaarabu kama vile walivyo wasio na dini ya kweli.FIRST, the inhabitants of the world according to this calculation, amount to about seven hundred and thirty-one millions; four hundred and twenty millions of whom are still in pagan darkness; an hundred and thirty millions the followers of Mahomet; an hundred millions catholics; forty-four millions protestants; thirty millions of the greek and armenian churches, and perhaps seven millions of jews. It must undoubtedly strike every considerate mind, what a vast proportion of the sons of Adam there are, who yet remain in the most deplorable state of heathen darkness, without any means of knowing the true God, except what are afforded them by the works of nature; and utterly destitute of the knowledge of the gospel of Christ, or of any means of obtaining it. In many of these countries they have no written language, consequently no Bible, and are only led by the most childish customs and traditions. Such, for instance, are all the middle and back parts of North America, the inland parts of South America, the South-Sea Islands, New Holland, New Zealand, New Guinea; and I may add Great Tartary, Siberia, Samojedia, and the other parts of Asia contiguous to the frozen sea; the greatest part of Africa, the island of Madagascar, and many places beside. In many of these parts also they are cannibals, feeding upon the flesh of their slain enemies, with the greatest brutality and eagerness. The truth of this was ascertained, beyond a doubt, by the late eminent navigator, Cooke, of the New Zealanders, and some of the inhabitants of the western coast of America. Human sacrifices are also very frequently offered, so that scarce a week elapses without instances of this kind. They are in general poor, barbarous, naked pagans, as destitute of civilization, as they are of true religion.

PILI, ingawa wapagani hawa maskini ni wakali, wanaonekana kuwa na uwezo wa kuelewa kama sisi; na katika sehemu nyingi, angalau, wameonyesha kipaji cha ajabu na unyenyekevu wa kufundishika; na ninatilia shaka sana kama ukatili mwingi unaotendwa nao haukuanza kwa tusi fulani la kweli au la kudhaniwa, na kwa hiyo, kwa usahihi zaidi, ni matendo ya kujilinda kuliko ushahidi wa mioyo isiyo na utu na yenye kiu ya damu.SECONDLY, barbarous as these poor heathens are, they appear to be as capable of knowledge as we are; and in many places, at least, have discovered uncommon genius and tractableness; and I greatly question whether most of the barbarities practiced by them, have not originated in some real or supposed affront, and are therefore, more properly, acts of self-defence, than proofs of inhuman and blood-thirsty dispositions.

TATU, katika sehemu nyingine, ambako wana lugha iliyoandikwa, kama Indies Mashariki, China, Japani, n.k., hawajui lolote kuhusu injili. Wajesuiti kwa kweli waliwahi kupata wongofu wengi kwa upapa kati ya Wachina; lakini lengo lao la juu kabisa lilionekana kuwa kupata maoni yao mazuri; kwa maana ingawa wongofu walikiri kuwa Wakristo, waliruhusiwa kuiheshimu sanamu ya KONFUSIO mtoa sheria wao mkuu; na hatimaye hila zao za tamaa zilileta kwao kutoridhika kwa serikali, ambako kuliishia kwa kukomeshwa kwa misheni, na karibu, kama si kabisa, kwa jina la Kikristo. Pia ni ukweli wa huzuni kwamba tabia mbaya za Wazungu zimeenezwa kila walikokuwa wao wenyewe; hata hali ya kidini ya wapagani imefanywa kuwa mbaya zaidi kwa kuchangamana nao!THIRDLY, in other parts, where they have a written language, as in the East-Indies, China, Japan, &c. they know nothing of the gospel. The jesuits indeed once made many converts to popery among the Chinese; but their highest aim seemed to be to obtain their good opinion; for though the converts professed themselves Christians, yet they were allowed to honour the image of CONFUCIUS their great law-giver; and at length their ambitious intrigues brought upon them the displeasure of government, which terminated in the suppression of the mission, and almost, if not entirely, of the Christian name. It is also a melancholy fact, that the vices of Europeans have been communicated wherever they themselves have been; so that the religious state of even heathens has been rendered worse by intercourse with them!

NNE, sehemu kubwa sana ya Asia na Afrika, pamoja na sehemu ya Ulaya, ni Waislamu; na wale walioko Uajemi, walio wa madhehebu ya Hali, ndio maadui wakubwa wasiopatanishwa wa Waturuki; nao kwa upande wao huwachukia Waajemi. Waafrika ni miongoni mwa Waislamu wajinga kuliko wote; hasa Waarabu, waliotawanyika katika sehemu zote za kaskazini za Afrika, na kuishi kwa uporaji wanaoufanya daima dhidi ya majirani zao.FOURTHLY, a very great proportion of Asia and Africa, with some part of Europe, are Mahometans; and those in Persia, who are of the sect of Hali, are the most inveterate enemies to the Turks; and they in return abhor the Persians. The Africans are some of the most ignorant of all the mahometans; especially the Arabs, who are scattered through all the northern parts of Africa, and live upon the depredations which they are continually making upon their neighbours.

TANO, kuhusu wale wanaobeba jina la Kikristo, kiwango kikubwa sana cha ujinga na uovu wa maadili kinaenea kati yao. Kuna Wakristo, wanaoitwa hivyo, wa makanisa ya Kigiriki na Kiarmenia, katika nchi zote za Kiislamu; lakini wao ni, kama yawezekana, wajinga zaidi na wenye tabia mbaya zaidi kuliko Waislamu wenyewe. Wakristo Wageorgia, walioko karibu na Bahari ya Kaspi, hujitegemeza kwa kuuza majirani zao, jamaa zao, na watoto wao, kuwa watumwa kwa Waturuki na Waajemi. Na inasemwa kwamba, kama Wagiriki wowote wa Anatolia wakigeuka kuwa Waislamu, Waturuki hawawathamini kamwe, kwa sababu wanajulikana sana kwa unafiki na ujanja. Inajulikana vyema kwamba wengi wa washiriki wa kanisa la Kigiriki ni wajinga sana. Wapapa pia kwa jumla ni wajinga wa mambo ya kimungu, na wenye tabia mbaya sana. Wala wingi wa kanisa la Uingereza hawawazidi sana, ama katika maarifa au utakatifu; na makosa mengi, na ulegevu mkubwa wa mwenendo, hupatikana kati ya Wasiokubaliana na Kanisa rasmi wa madhehebu yote. Walutheri wa Denmark wako sawa kwa kiasi kikubwa na viongozi wa kanisa huko Uingereza; na sura ya nchi nyingi za Kikristo huonyesha tukio la kutisha la ujinga, unafiki, na uasherati. Makosa mbalimbali yenye madhara na hatari yanaonekana kupata nguvu karibu kila sehemu ya Jumuiya ya Kikristo; kweli za injili, na hata injili yenyewe, zinashambuliwa, na kila njia ambayo adui anaweza kuibuni inatumiwa kuudhoofisha ufalme wa Bwana wetu Yesu Kristo.FIFTHLY, in respect to those who bear the Christian name, a very great degree of ignorance and immorality abounds amongst them. There are Christians, so called, of the greek and armenian churches, in all the mahometan countries; but they are, if possible, more ignorant and vicious than the mahometans themselves. The Georgian Christians, who are near the Caspian Sea, maintain themselves by selling their neighbours, relations, and children, for slaves to the Turks and Persians. And it is remarked, that if any of the greeks of Anatolia turn mussulmen, the Turks never set any store by them, on account of their being so much noted for dissimulation and hypocrisy. It is well known that most of the members of the greek church are very ignorant. Papists also are in general ignorant of divine things, and very vicious. Nor do the bulk of the church of England much exceed them, either in knowledge or holiness; and many errors, and much looseness of conduct, are to be found amongst dissenters of all denominations. The lutherans in Denmark, are much on a par with the ecclesiastics in England; and the face of most Christian countries presents a dreadful scene of ignorance, hypocrisy, and profligacy. Various baneful, and pernicious errors appear to gain ground, in almost every part of Christendom; the truths of the gospel, and even the gospel itself, are attacked, and every method that the enemy can invent is employed to undermine the kingdom of our Lord Jesus Christ.

Mambo haya yote ni miito mikubwa kwa Wakristo, na hasa kwa wahudumu, kujitahidi kwa kadiri ya uwezo wao katika nyanja zao mbalimbali za utendaji, na kujaribu kuzipanua kadiri iwezekanavyo.All these things are loud calls to Christians, and especially to ministers, to exert themselves to the utmost in their several spheres of action, and to try to enlarge them as much as possible.

4. Uwezekano wa Kufanya Zaidi kwa Ajili ya Wapagani4. The Practicability of Doing More for the Heathen

William Carey, An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians, to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens (Leicester, 1792), Sehemu ya IV (“Uwezekano wa kufanya jambo fulani, zaidi ya yale yanayofanywa, kwa ajili ya Kuwageuza Wapagani”). Maandishi kamili; tafsiri za mambo ni za mwandishi.William Carey, An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians, to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens (Leicester, 1792), Section IV (“The Practicability of something being done, more than what is done, for the Conversion of the Heathen”). Complete text; the interpretations are the author’s.

Dokezo la CTS: Carey anajibu pingamizi tano: umbali, maisha “yasiyostaarabika”, hatari, gharama ya kuishi, na lugha. Mpango wake wa vitendo (wamisionari wakienda angalau wawili wawili, pamoja na familia, wakijitegemeza kwa kulima, na kujifunza lugha kati ya watu) uliunda misheni ya Kibaptisti aliyoijiunga muda mfupi baadaye huko India. Maneno kama “wakali” (barbarous), “washenzi” (savage) na “karibu si binadamu” (scarcely human) yanaonyesha mawazo ya Wazungu ya mwaka 1792; misheni za kisasa hutofautisha kati ya injili na utamaduni wa mmisionari mwenyewe. Zingatia pia ushauri wake wa kuhitimisha: wamisionari hawapaswi kuwadharau watu, na wanapaswa kutia moyo karama za waumini wapya, ambao ujuzi wao wa lugha na desturi zao wenyewe unaipa huduma yao uzito mkubwa.CTS note: Carey answers five objections: distance, an “uncivilized” way of life, danger, the cost of living, and language. His practical plan (missionaries going at least two by two, with families, supporting themselves by farming, and learning the language among the people) shaped the Baptist mission he soon joined in India. Words such as “barbarous,” “savage” and “scarcely human” show the European assumptions of 1792; modern missions distinguish between the gospel and a missionary’s own culture. Notice also his closing counsel: missionaries must not despise the people, and should encourage the gifts of new believers, whose knowledge of their own language and customs gives their ministry great weight.

SEHEMU YA IV. Uwezekano wa kufanya jambo fulani, zaidi ya yale yanayofanywa, kwa ajili ya Kuwageuza Wapagani.SECT. IV. The Practicability of something being done, more than what is done, for the Conversion of the Heathen.

Vizuizi katika njia ya kupeleka injili kati ya wapagani vinapaswa kutokana, nadhani, na mojawapo ya mambo yafuatayo;—ama umbali wao kutoka kwetu, namna yao ya kuishi ya kishenzi na ya kikatili, hatari ya kuuawa nao, ugumu wa kupata mahitaji ya maisha, au lugha zao zisizoeleweka.The impediments in the way of carrying the gospel among the heathen must arise, I think, from one or other of the following things; —either their distance from us, their barbarous and savage manner of living, the danger of being killed by them, the difficulty of procuring the necessaries of life, or the unintelligibleness of their languages.

KWANZA, kuhusu umbali wao kutoka kwetu, pingamizi lolote lililoweza kutolewa kwa sababu hiyo kabla ya kuvumbuliwa kwa dira ya wanamaji, hakuna linaloweza kutolewa kwa jambo hilo, kwa mwonekano wowote wa kuaminika, katika zama za sasa. Watu sasa wanaweza kusafiri kwa meli kwa uhakika kupitia Bahari Kuu ya Kusini kama wanavyopitia Mediterania, au bahari yoyote ndogo. Naam, na majaliwa yanaonekana kwa namna fulani kutualika kwenye jaribio, kwani kuna makampuni ya biashara, tunayoyajua, ambayo biashara yao iko katika sehemu nyingi ambako washenzi hawa wanaishi. Wakati mmoja au mwingine meli hutumwa kutembelea mahali pa ugunduzi mpya zaidi, na kuchunguza sehemu zisizojulikana kabisa; na kila taarifa mpya ya ujinga wao, au ukatili wao, inapaswa kuamsha huruma yetu, na kutuchochea kushirikiana na majaliwa katika kutafuta mema yao ya milele. Maandiko nayo yanaonekana kuonyesha njia hii, Hakika visiwa vitaningojea, na merikebu za Tarshishi kwanza, ili kuwaleta wana wako toka mbali, fedha yao na dhahabu yao pamoja nao, kwa jina la BWANA, Mungu wako. Isa. 60:9. Hili linaonekana kumaanisha kwamba katika wakati wa kuongezeka kwa utukufu wa kanisa, katika siku za mwisho, (ambacho sura yote bila shaka ni unabii wake,) biashara itatumikia kuenea kwa injili. Merikebu za Tarshishi zilikuwa vyombo vya biashara, ambavyo vilifanya safari kwa ajili ya mauzo kwenda sehemu mbalimbali; kwa hiyo kinachomaanishwa angalau ni kwamba usafiri wa baharini, hasa ule wa kibiashara, utakuwa mojawapo ya njia kuu za kuendeleza kazi ya Mungu; na labda unaweza kumaanisha kwamba kutakuwa na matumizi makubwa sana ya mali kwa kusudi hilo.FIRST, as to their distance from us, whatever objections might have been made on that account before the invention of the mariner’s compass, nothing can be alledged for it, with any colour of plausibility in the present age. Men can now sail with as much certainty through the Great South Sea, as they can through the Mediterranean, or any lesser Sea. Yea, and providence seems in a manner to invite us to the trial, as there are to our knowledge trading companies, whose commerce lies in many of the places where, these barbarians dwell. At one time or other ships are sent to visit places of more recent discovery, and to explore parts the most unknown; and every fresh account of their ignorance, or cruelty, should call forth our pity, and excite us to concur with providence in seeking their eternal good. Scripture likewise seems to point out this method, Surely the Isles shall wait for me; the ships of Tarshish first, to bring my sons from far, their silver, and their gold with them, unto the name of the Lord, thy God. Isai. lx. 9. This seems to imply that in the time of the glorious increase of the church, in the latter days, (of which the whole chapter is undoubtedly a prophecy,) commerce shall subserve the spread of the gospel. The ships of Tarshish were trading vessels, which made voyages for traffic to various parts; thus much therefore must be meant by it, that navigation, especially that which is commercial, shall be one great mean of carrying on the work of God; and perhaps it may imply that there shall be a very considerable appropriation of wealth to that purpose.

PILI, kuhusu namna yao ya kuishi isiyostaarabika, na ya kikatili, hili haliwezi kuwa pingamizi kwa yeyote, isipokuwa wale ambao kupenda kwao raha kunawafanya wasitake kujiweka katika usumbufu kwa ajili ya mema ya wengine.SECONDLY, as to their uncivilized, and barbarous way of living, this can be no objection to any, except those whose love of ease renders them unwilling to expose themselves to inconveniencies for the good of others.

Halikuwa pingamizi kwa mitume na warithi wao, waliokwenda kati ya Wajerumani na Wagaul wakali, na Waingereza waliokuwa wakali zaidi! Hawakuwangoja wakazi wa kale wa nchi hizi kustaarabishwa, ili waweze kufanywa Wakristo, bali walikwenda tu na mafundisho ya msalaba; na TERTULIANO aliweza kujivunia kwamba “sehemu zile za Uingereza ambazo hazikushindwa na majeshi ya Kirumi, zilishindwa na injili ya Kristo”—Halikuwa pingamizi kwa ELLIOT, au BRAINERD, katika nyakati za baadaye. Walikwenda, wakakabiliana na kila ugumu wa aina hiyo, wakagundua kwamba kupokea injili kwa moyo wote kulizaa matokeo yale mema ambayo mchangamano wa muda mrefu zaidi na Wazungu, bila injili, haungeweza kamwe kuyatimiza. Si pingamizi kwa watu wa biashara. Linahitaji tu kwamba tuwe na upendo mwingi kwa roho za viumbe wenzetu, na wenzetu wenye dhambi, kama walio nao wao kwa faida zinazotokana na ngozi chache za otter, na ugumu huu wote ungeshindwa kwa urahisi.It was no objection to the apostles and their successors, who went among the barbarous Germans and Gauls, and still more barbarous Britons! They did not wait for the ancient inhabitants of these countries, to be civilized, before they could be christianized, but went simply with the doctrine of the cross; and TERTULLIAN could boast that “those parts of Britain which were proof against the Roman armies, were conquered by the gospel of Christ”—It was no objection to an ELLIOT, or a BRAINERD, in later times. They went forth, and encountered every difficulty of the kind, and found that a cordial reception of the gospel produced those happy effects which the longest intercourse with Europeans, without it could never accomplish. It is no objection to commercial men. It only requires that we should have as much love to the souls of our fellow-creatures, and fellow sinners, as they have for the profits arising from a few otter-skins, and all these difficulties would be easily surmounted.

Hatimaye, hali ya wapagani isiyostaarabika, badala ya kutoa pingamizi dhidi ya kuwahubiria injili, inapaswa kutoa hoja ya kufanya hivyo. Je, tunaweza sisi kama wanadamu, au kama Wakristo, kusikia kwamba sehemu kubwa ya viumbe wenzetu, ambao roho zao hazifi kama zetu, na ambao wana uwezo kama sisi wenyewe wa kuipamba injili, na kuchangia kwa mahubiri yao, maandishi, au mwenendo wao utukufu wa jina la Mkombozi wetu, na mema ya kanisa lake, wamefunikwa na ujinga na ukatili? Je, tunaweza kusikia kwamba hawana injili, hawana serikali, hawana sheria, na hawana ufundi na sayansi; na tusijitahidi kuwaletea miongoni mwao mawazo ya wanadamu, na ya Wakristo? Je, kuenea kwa injili hakungekuwa njia yenye ufanisi zaidi ya kuwastaarabisha? Je, hilo halingewafanya washiriki wenye manufaa wa jamii? Tunajua kwamba matokeo kama hayo yalifuata kwa kiasi juhudi zilizotajwa za Elliot, Brainerd, na wengine kati ya Wahindi wa Amerika; na kama majaribio kama hayo yangefanywa katika sehemu nyingine za ulimwengu, na kufanikiwa kwa baraka ya kimungu (ambayo tuna kila sababu ya kudhani yangefanikiwa) je, hatungetarajia kuona Wanatheolojia wenye uwezo, au kusoma makala zilizoandikwa vizuri za kutetea ukweli, hata kati ya wale wanaoonekana sasa kuwa karibu si binadamu?After all, the uncivilized state of the heathen, instead of affording an objection against preaching the gospel to them, ought to furnish an argument for it. Can we as men, or as christians, hear that a great part of our fellow creatures, whose souls are as immortal as ours, and who are as capable as ourselves, of adorning the gospel, and contributing by their preaching, writings, or practices to the glory of our Redeemer’s name, and the good of his church, are inveloped in ignorance and barbarism? Can we hear that they are without the gospel, without government, without laws, and without arts, and sciences; and not exert ourselves to introduce amongst them the sentiments of men, and of Christians? Would not the spread of the gospel be the most effectual mean of their civilization? Would not that make them useful members of society? We know that such effects did in a measure follow the afore-mentioned efforts of Elliot, Brainerd, and others amongst the American Indians; and if similar attempts were made in other parts of the world, and succeeded with a divine blessing (which we have every reason to think they would) might we not expect to see able Divines, or read well-conducted treatises in defence of the truth, even amongst those who at present seem to be scarcely human?

TATU, Kuhusu hatari ya kuuawa nao, ni kweli kwamba yeyote anayekwenda lazima aweke uhai wake mkononi, wala asishauriane na mwili na damu; lakini je, wema wa kazi hiyo, wajibu uliotuwekea kama viumbe vya Mungu, na kama Wakristo, na hali ya kupotea ya wanadamu wenzetu, havituiti kwa sauti kuu kujihatarisha kwa yote na kutumia juhudi zote halali kwa faida yao? PAULO na BARNABA, ambao walitoa uhai wao kwa ajili ya jina la Bwana wetu Yesu Kristo, hawakulaumiwa kuwa wa haraka bila busara, bali walisifiwa kwa kufanya hivyo, wakati YOHANA MARKO ambaye kwa woga wa moyo aliwaacha katika kazi yao ya hatari, alipigwa chapa ya lawama. Hatimaye, kama ilivyokwisha kuonekana, ninatilia shaka sana kama ukatili mwingi unaotendwa na washenzi dhidi ya wale waliowatembelea haukuanza kwa tusi fulani la kweli au la kudhaniwa, na kwa hiyo, kwa usahihi zaidi, ni matendo ya kujilinda kuliko ushahidi wa mioyo ya ukali. Haishangazi kama kutokuwa na busara kwa mabaharia kunawachochea kumkosea mshenzi mnyofu, na kosa hilo kuchukiwa; lakini Elliot, Brainerd, na wamisionari wa Kimoravia, wamesumbuliwa mara chache sana. Naam, kwa jumla wapagani wameonyesha utayari wa kulisikia neno; na wameonyesha chuki yao dhidi ya Ukristo hasa kwa sababu ya tabia mbaya za Wakristo wa jina tu.THIRDLY, In respect to the danger of being killed by them, it is true that whoever does go must put his life in his hand, and not consult with flesh and blood; but do not the goodness of the cause, the duties incumbent on us as the creatures of God, and Christians, and the perishing state of our fellow men, loudly call upon us to venture all and use every warrantable exertion for their benefit? PAUL and BARNABAS, who hazarded their lives for the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, were not blamed as being rash, but commended for so doing, while JOHN MARK who through timidity of mind deserted them in their perilous undertaking, was branded with censure. After all, as has been already observed, I greatly question whether most of the barbarities practiced by the savages upon those who have visited them, have not originated in some real or supposed affront, and were therefore, more properly, acts of self-defence, than proofs of ferocious dispositions. No wonder if the imprudence of sailors should prompt them to offend the simple savage, and the offence be resented; but Elliot, Brainerd, and the Moravian missionaries, have been very seldom molested. Nay, in general the heathen have shewed a willingness to hear the word; and have principally expressed their hatred of Christianity on account of the vices of nominal Christians.

NNE, Kuhusu ugumu wa kupata mahitaji ya maisha, huu haungekuwa mkubwa kama unavyoweza kuonekana mwanzoni; kwa kuwa ingawa hatungeweza kupata chakula cha Ulaya, tungeweza kupata kile ambacho wenyeji wa nchi tunazozitembelea hukitegemea wenyewe. Na hili lingekuwa kupita tu katika kile tulichokiahidi kwa maana ya kweli kwa kuingia katika ofisi ya huduma. Mhudumu wa Kikristo ni mtu ambaye kwa maana ya pekee si wake mwenyewe; yeye ni mtumishi wa Mungu, na kwa hiyo anapaswa kujitoa kabisa kwake. Kwa kuingia katika ofisi hiyo takatifu anaahidi kwa dhati kuwa daima akishughulika, kadiri iwezekanavyo, na kazi ya Bwana, na kutochagua raha yake mwenyewe, au kazi, au kuifuata huduma kama kitu cha kutumikia malengo yake, au masilahi yake, au kama aina ya kazi ya kando. Anaahidi kwenda Mungu apendapo, na kufanya, au kuvumilia, lolote ambalo anaona vema kuagiza, au kumwita kwalo, katika utekelezaji wa kazi yake. Kwa maana ya kweli anaaga marafiki, anasa, na starehe, na kusimama tayari kuvumilia mateso makubwa zaidi katika kazi ya Bwana wake, na Mwalimu. Haiambatani na wito kwa wahudumu kujifurahisha kwa mawazo ya hadhira kubwa, marafiki wa moyo, nchi iliyostaarabika, ulinzi wa kisheria, utajiri, fahari, au hata riziki ya kutosha. Kukimbizwa, na chuki ya watu, na hata marafiki wa kujifanya, magereza ya giza, na mateso, kushirikiana na washenzi wa lugha ngeni, malazi mabaya katika nyika za huzuni, njaa, na kiu, uchi, uchovu, na maumivu, kazi ngumu, na kutiwa moyo kidogo tu kwa kidunia, ndivyo vinapaswa kuwa mambo ya kutarajia kwao. Hivyo ndivyo mitume walivyofanya, katika zama za kwanza, na kuvumilia magumu, kama askari wema wa Yesu Kristo; na ingawa sisi tunaoishi katika nchi iliyostaarabika ambamo Ukristo unalindwa na sheria, hatuitwi kuteseka mambo haya tunapoendelea kukaa hapa, hata hivyo ninatilia shaka kama wote wana haki ya kukaa hapa, huku wengi wanapotea bila njia za neema katika nchi nyingine. Hakika nina uhakika kwamba ni kinyume kabisa cha roho ya injili, wahudumu wake kuiingia kwa nia za masilahi, au kwa matarajio makubwa ya kidunia. Kinyume chake agizo ni wito wa kutosha kwao kujihatarisha kwa yote, na, kama Wakristo wa kwanza, kwenda kila mahali wakihubiri injili.FOURTHLY, As to the difficulty of procuring the necessaries of life, this would not be so great as may appear at first sight; for though we could not procure European food, yet we might procure such as the natives of those countries which we visit, subsist upon themselves. And this would only be passing through what we have virtually engaged, in by entering on the ministerial office. A Christian minister is a person who in a peculiar sense is not his own; he is the servant of God, and therefore ought to be wholly devoted to him. By entering on that sacred office he solemnly undertakes to be always engaged, as much as possible, in the Lord’s work, and not to chuse his own pleasure, or employment, or pursue the ministry as a something that is to subserve his own ends, or interests, or as a kind of bye-work. He engages to go where God pleases, and to do, or endure what he sees fit to command, or call him to, in the exercise of his function. He virtually bids farewell to friends, pleasures, and comforts, and stands in readiness to endure the greatest sufferings in the work of his Lord, and Master. It is inconsistent for ministers to please themselves with thoughts of a numerous auditory, cordial friends, a civilized country, legal protection, affluence, splendor, or even a competency. The flights, and hatred of men, and even pretended friends, gloomy prisons, and tortures, the society of barbarians of uncouth speech, miserable accommodations in wretched wildernesses, hunger, and thirst, nakedness, weariness, and painfulness, hard work, and but little worldly encouragement, should rather be the objects of their expectation. Thus the apostles acted, in the primitive times, and endured hardness, as good soldiers of Jesus Christ; and though we living in a civilized country where Christianity is protected by law, are not called to suffer these things while we continue here, yet I question whether all are justified in staying here, while so many are perishing without means of grace in other lands. Sure I am that it is entirely contrary to the spirit of the gospel, for its ministers to enter upon it from interested motives, or with great worldly expectations. On the contrary the commission is a sufficient call to them to venture all, and, like the primitive Christians, go every where preaching the gospel.

Huenda ikawa ni lazima, hata hivyo, kwa angalau wawili kwenda pamoja, na kwa jumla ninadhani ingefaa wawe wanaume waliooa, na ili kuzuia wakati wao usitumike kupata mahitaji, watu wengine wawili, au zaidi, pamoja na wake zao na familia zao, wanaweza pia kuandamana nao, ambao wangejishughulisha kikamilifu kuwapatia. Katika nchi nyingi ingekuwa lazima kwao kulima kipande kidogo cha ardhi kwa ajili ya riziki yao tu, ambacho kingekuwa tegemeo kwao, wakati wowote riziki zao zikikosekana. Bila kutaja faida wangezopata kutokana na ushirika wa wenzao, ingeondoa gharama kubwa mno ambayo daima imeambatana na kazi za namna hii, gharama ya kwanza ikiwa ndiyo yote; kwani ingawa koloni kubwa linahitaji kutegemezwa kwa muda mrefu, idadi ndogo kama hiyo ingejitegemeza, mara baada ya kupokea mavuno ya kwanza. Wangekuwa na faida ya kuchagua mahali pao, mahitaji yao yangekuwa machache; wanawake, na hata watoto, wangehitajika kwa shughuli za nyumbani; na vitu vichache vya mtaji, kama ng’ombe jike mmoja au wawili, na fahali, na mifugo mingine michache ya jinsia zote, zana chache sana za kilimo, na nafaka ya kupanda katika ardhi yao, vingetosha. Wale wanaowaandamana wamisionari wanapaswa kuelewa kilimo, uvuvi, uwindaji wa ndege, n.k., na wapewe zana zinazohitajika kwa madhumuni haya. Kwa kweli njia mbalimbali zinaweza kufikiriwa, na kazi itakapoanzishwa mara moja, mambo mengi yatatujia, ambayo kwa sasa hatuwezi kuwa na wazo lolote juu yake.It might be necessary, however, for two, at least, to go together, and in general I should think it best that they should be married men, and to prevent their time from being employed in procuring necessaries, two, or more, other persons, with their wives and families, might also accompany them, who should be wholly employed in providing for them. In most countries it would be necessary for them to cultivate a little spot of ground just for their support, which would be a resource to them, whenever their supplies failed. Not to mention the advantages they would reap from each others company, it would take off the enormous expence which has always attended undertakings of this kind, the first expence being the whole; for though a large colony needs support for a considerable time, yet so small a number would, upon receiving the first crop, maintain themselves. They would have the advantage of choosing their situation, their wants would be few; the women, and even the children, would be necessary for domestic purposes; and a few articles of stock, as a cow or two, and a bull, and a few other cattle of both sexes, a very few utensils of husbandry, and some corn to sow their land, would be sufficient. Those who attend the missionaries should understand husbandry, fishing, fowling, &c. and be provided with the necessary implements for these purposes. Indeed a variety of methods may be thought of, and when once the work is undertaken, many things will suggest themselves to us, of which we at present can form no idea.

TANO, Kuhusu kujifunza lugha zao, njia zile zile zingeonekana kuwa lazima hapa kama katika biashara kati ya mataifa mbalimbali. Katika baadhi ya hali wakalimani wangeweza kupatikana, ambao wangeweza kuajiriwa kwa muda; na pale hawapatikani, wamisionari lazima wawe na subira, na kuchangamana na watu, hadi wamejifunza lugha yao kiasi cha kuweza kuwasilisha mawazo yao kwao kwa lugha hiyo. Inajulikana vyema kwamba haihitaji vipaji vya ajabu sana kujifunza, katika muda wa mwaka mmoja, au miwili kwa kiwango cha juu, lugha ya watu wowote duniani, angalau kiasi cha kuweza kufikisha mawazo yoyote tunayotaka kwa ufahamu wao.FIFTHLY, As to learning their languages, the same means would be found necessary here as in trade between different nations. In some cases interpreters might be obtained, who might be employed for a time; and where these were not to be found, the missionaries must have patience, and mingle with the people, till they have learned so much of their language as to be able to communicate their ideas to them in it. It is well known to require no very extraordinary talents to learn, in the space of a year, or two at most, the language of any people upon earth, so much of it at least, as to be able to convey any sentiments we wish to their understandings.

Wamisionari lazima wawe watu wenye utauwa mkubwa, busara, ujasiri, na uvumilivu; wa imani isiyo na shaka katika mawazo yao, na lazima waingie kwa mioyo yao yote katika roho ya misheni yao; lazima wawe tayari kuacha nyuma starehe zote za maisha, na kukabiliana na magumu yote ya hali ya hewa ya joto kali, au ya baridi kali, maisha yasiyo na raha, na kila usumbufu mwingine unaoweza kuambatana na kazi hii. Mavazi, visu vichache, baruti na risasi, vifaa vya uvuvi, na zana za kilimo zilizotajwa hapo juu, lazima wapewe; na wakifika mahali pa kwenda kwao, shughuli yao ya kwanza lazima iwe kupata ujuzi fulani wa lugha ya wenyeji, (ambako wawili wangekuwa bora kuliko mmoja,) na kwa njia zote halali kujitahidi kukuza urafiki nao, na haraka iwezekanavyo kuwajulisha shughuli waliyotumwa kwayo. Lazima wajitahidi kuwashawishi kwamba mema yao tu ndiyo yaliyowasukuma kuwaacha marafiki zao, na starehe zote za nchi yao ya kuzaliwa. Lazima wawe waangalifu sana wasichukie madhara yatakayofanywa kwao, wala wasijiheshimu sana, hata kuwadharau wapagani maskini, na kwa njia hizo kuweka msingi wa chuki yao, au kukataa kwao injili. Lazima watumie kila nafasi kuwatendea mema, na wakifanya kazi, na kusafiri, usiku na mchana, lazima wafundishe, waonye, na wakemee, kwa uvumilivu wote, na hamu ya wasiwasi kwa ajili yao, na, zaidi ya yote, lazima wawe thabiti katika kuomba kwa ajili ya kumiminwa kwa Roho Mtakatifu juu ya watu waliowekwa chini ya uangalizi wao. Wamisionari wa maelezo hayo wakijishughulisha na kazi, tutaona kwamba jambo hili linawezekana.The Missionaries must be men of great piety, prudence, courage, and forbearance; of undoubted orthodoxy in their sentiments, and must enter with all their hearts into the spirit of their mission; they must be willing to leave all the comforts of life behind them, and to encounter all the hardships of a torrid, or a frigid climate, an uncomfortable manner of living, and every other inconvenience that can attend this undertaking. Clothing, a few knives, powder and shot, fishing-tackle, and the articles of husbandry above-mentioned, must be provided for them; and when arrived at the place of their destination, their first business must be to gain some acquaintance with the language of the natives, (for which purpose two would be better than one,) and by all lawful means to endeavour to cultivate a friendship with them, and as soon as possible let them know the errand for which they were sent. They must endeavour to convince them that it was their good alone, which induced them to forsake their friends, and all the comforts of their native country. They must be very careful not to resent injuries which may be offered to them, nor to think highly of themselves, so as to despise the poor heathens, and by those means lay a foundation for their resentment, or rejection of the gospel. They must take every opportunity of doing them good, and labouring, and travelling, night and day, they must instruct, exhort, and rebuke, with all long suffering, and anxious desire for them, and, above all, must be instant in prayer for the effusion of the Holy Spirit upon the people of their charge. Let but missionaries of the above description engage in the work, and we shall see that it is not impracticable.

Inaweza pia kuwa na umuhimu, kama Mungu akibariki kazi zao, kwao kutia moyo dalili zozote za karama kati ya watu waliowekwa chini ya uangalizi wao; kama watainuliwa watu kama hao faida nyingi zingepatikana kutokana na ujuzi wao wa lugha, na desturi za wananchi wenzao; na mabadiliko ya mwenendo wao yangeipa huduma yao uzito mkubwa.It might likewise be of importance, if God should bless their labours, for them to encourage any appearances of gifts amongst the people of their charge; if such should be raised up many advantages would be derived from their knowledge of the language, and customs of their countrymen; and their change of conduct would give great weight to their ministrations.

5. Wajibu wa Wakristo na Njia za Kutumiwa5. The Duty of Christians and the Means to Be Used

William Carey, An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians, to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens (Leicester, 1792), Sehemu ya V (“Uchunguzi Kuhusu Wajibu wa Wakristo kwa Jumla, na Njia Zipi Zitumike, ili Kuendeleza Kazi Hii”). Maandishi kamili; tafsiri za mambo ni za mwandishi.William Carey, An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians, to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens (Leicester, 1792), Section V (“An Enquiry into the Duty of Christians in general, and what Means ought to be used, in order to promote this Work”). Complete text; the interpretations are the author’s.

Dokezo la CTS: Sehemu hii iliongoza moja kwa moja kwenye kitendo. Mnamo Oktoba 1792, miezi michache baada ya Enquiry kutokea, Carey na wahudumu wenzake waliunda huko Kettering Jumuiya ya Wabaptisti Maalumu ya Kueneza Injili Kati ya Wapagani, baadaye Jumuiya ya Kimisionari ya Kibaptisti (Baptist Missionary Society), na mwaka 1793 Carey alisafiri kwenda India. “Wabaptisti Maalumu” (Particular Baptists) walikuwa Wabaptisti wa Kikalvini wa Uingereza. “Mikutano ya sala ya kila mwezi” ilianzishwa kati yao mwaka 1784. Kushindwa kwa kura ya kukomesha biashara ya watumwa (1791), makazi huru ya Sierra Leone, na kususia sukari ya India ya Magharibi iliyolimwa na watumwa vilikuwa matukio ya wakati huo alipoandika. Carey anapendekeza kwamba kila madhehebu ipange misheni yake yenyewe huku ikiyatakia mema mengine; wasomaji wa leo wanaweza kupima ushauri huo pamoja na mifumo ya baadaye ya ushirikiano kati ya makanisa.CTS note: This section led directly to action. In October 1792, a few months after the Enquiry appeared, Carey and fellow ministers formed at Kettering the Particular Baptist Society for Propagating the Gospel among the Heathen, later the Baptist Missionary Society, and in 1793 Carey sailed for India. The “Particular Baptists” were the Calvinistic Baptists of England. The “monthly prayer-meetings” were begun among them in 1784. The defeated vote on abolishing the slave trade (1791), the free settlement at Sierra Leone, and the boycott of slave-grown West-India sugar were current events when he wrote. Carey proposes that each denomination organize its own mission while wishing the others well; readers today may weigh that counsel alongside later patterns of cooperation between churches.

SEHEMU YA V. Uchunguzi Kuhusu Wajibu wa Wakristo kwa Jumla, na Njia Zipi Zitumike, ili Kuendeleza Kazi Hii.SECT. V. An Enquiry into the Duty of Christians in general, and what Means ought to be used, in order to promote this Work.

Kama unabii kuhusu kuongezeka kwa ufalme wa Kristo ni kweli, na kama yale yaliyosemwa kuhusu agizo alilowapa wanafunzi wake kutufunga sisi ni ya haki, lazima ihitimishwe kwamba Wakristo wote wanapaswa kushirikiana kwa moyo na Mungu katika kuendeleza makusudi yake matukufu, kwa maana yeye aliyeungana na Bwana ni roho moja naye.If the prophecies concerning the increase of Christ’s kingdom be true, and if what has been advanced, concerning the commission given by him to his disciples being obligatory on us, be just, it must be inferred that all Christians ought heartily to concur with God in promoting his glorious designs, for he that is joined to the Lord is one spirit.

Mojawapo ya wajibu wa kwanza, na muhimu zaidi, unaotuhusu ni sala ya bidii na ya umoja. Hata kama ushawishi wa Roho Mtakatifu unadharauliwa na kudhoofishwa na wengi, itagunduliwa kwa kujaribu kwamba njia zote tunazoweza kutumia, bila yeye, hazitakuwa na ufanisi. Kama hekalu litajengwa kwa ajili ya Mungu katika ulimwengu wa wapagani, halitakuwa kwa nguvu, wala kwa uwezo, wala kwa mamlaka ya hakimu, au ufasaha wa mzungumzaji; bali kwa roho yangu, asema BWANA wa majeshi. Kwa hiyo lazima tuwe na dhati kweli kweli katika kuomba baraka yake juu ya kazi zetu.One of the first, and most important of those duties which are incumbent upon us, is fervent and united prayer. However the influence of the Holy Spirit may be set at nought, and run down by many, it will be found upon trial, that all means which we can use, without it, will be ineffectual. If a temple is raised for God in the heathen world, it will not be by might, nor by power, nor by the authority of the magistrate, or the eloquence of the orator; but by my Spirit, saith the Lord of Hosts. We must therefore be in real earnest in supplicating his blessing upon our labours.

Katika manabii imeelezwa kwamba wakati kutakuwa na maombolezo makuu katika nchi, kama maombolezo ya Hadadrimoni katika bonde la Megido, na kila jamaa itaomboleza peke yake, na wake zao peke yao, yote yatafuata baada ya roho ya neema na ya dua. Na mambo haya yatakapotokea, imeahidiwa kwamba kutakuwa na chemchemi iliyofunguliwa kwa nyumba ya Daudi, na kwa wakaaji wa Yerusalemu, kwa ajili ya dhambi na uchafu,—na kwamba sanamu zitaangamizwa, na manabii wa uongo wataaibika kwa kazi yao. Zek. 12:10, 14; 13:1, 6. Unabii huu unaonekana kufundisha kwamba wakati kutakuwa na muungano wa jumla katika sala ya bidii, na wote watakapoona ustawi wa Sayuni kama ustawi wao wenyewe, ndipo uvuvio mwingi wa Roho utamwagwa juu ya makanisa, ambao kama chemchemi ya kutakasa utawatakasa watumishi wa Bwana. Wala ushawishi huu wa kutakasa hautaishia hapa; chuki zote za kale za ibada ya sanamu zitang’olewa, na kweli itashinda kwa utukufu mkuu hata walimu wa uongo wataaibika sana hata kupendelea kuhesabiwa pamoja na wachungaji wasiojulikana, au wakulima wa hali ya chini kabisa, kuliko kubeba aibu inayoambatana na kufichuliwa kwao.It is represented in the prophets, that when there shall be a great mourning in the land, as the mourning of Hadadrimmon in the valley of Megiddon, and every family shall mourn apart, and their wives apart, it shall all follow upon a spirit of grace, and supplication. And when these things shall take place, it is promised that there shall be a fountain opened for the house of David, and for the inhabitants of Jerusalem, for sin, and for uncleanness,—and that the idols shall be destroyed, and the false prophets ashamed of their profession. Zech. xii 10. 14.—xiii. 1. 6. This prophesy seems to teach that when there shall be an universal conjunction in fervent prayer, and all shall esteem Zion’s welfare as their own, then copious influences of the Spirit shall be shed upon the churches, which like a purifying fountain shall cleanse the servants of the Lord. Nor shall this cleansing influence stop here; all old idolatrous prejudices shall be rooted out, and truth prevail so gloriously that false teachers shall be so ashamed as rather to wish to be classed with obscure herdsmen, or the meanest peasants, than bear the ignominy attendant on their detection.

Kazi tukufu zaidi za neema zilizowahi kutokea, zimekuwa jibu la sala; na kwa njia hii, tuna sababu kubwa zaidi ya kudhani, kumiminwa kwa utukufu kwa Roho tunakotarajia hatimaye kutatolewa.The most glorious works of grace that have ever took place, have been in answer to prayer; and it is in this way, we have the greatest reason to suppose, that the glorious out-pouring of the Spirit, which we expect at last, will be bestowed.

Kuhusu mahusiano yetu ya karibu, ndani ya miaka hii michache tumebarikiwa na ishara fulani za mema, zilizotolewa kwa jibu la sala, ambazo zinapaswa kututia moyo kudumu, na kuongezeka katika wajibu huo muhimu. Ninaamini mikutano yetu ya sala ya kila mwezi kwa ajili ya mafanikio ya injili haikuwa bure. Ni kweli kwamba upungufu wa msisitizo kwa kawaida huambatana na sala zetu; hata hivyo, kwa kutokuwa na msisitizo, na kuwa dhaifu kama zilivyokuwa, inaaminika kwamba Mungu amezisikia, na kwa kiwango fulani kuzijibu. Makanisa yaliyojihusisha na desturi hiyo kwa jumla tangu wakati huo yamekuwa wazi yakiongezeka; mabishano fulani ambayo yamelitatiza kanisa na kulikata vipande kwa muda mrefu, yanaelezwa waziwazi kuliko hapo awali; kuna miito ya kuhubiri injili katika sehemu nyingi ambako haijazoeleka kutangazwa; naam, mlango wa utukufu umefunguliwa, na unaelekea kufunguliwa zaidi na zaidi, kwa kuenea kwa uhuru wa kiraia na wa kidini, ukiambatana pia na kupungua kwa roho ya upapa; juhudi tukufu imefanywa ya kukomesha Biashara ya Watumwa isiyo ya kibinadamu, na ingawa kwa sasa haijafanikiwa kama ilivyotakiwa, tunatumaini kwamba itaendelezwa hadi itimizwe. Wakati huo huo ni faraja kutafakari kwamba kushindwa kwa hivi karibuni kwa kukomesha Biashara ya Watumwa kumekuwa sababu ya juhudi inayostahili sifa ya kuanzisha makazi huru, huko Sierra Leona, kwenye pwani ya Afrika; juhudi ambayo, ikifanikiwa kwa baraka ya kimungu, haiahidi tu kufungua njia ya biashara ya heshima na nchi ile pana, na ustaarabu wa wakazi wake, bali inaweza kuwa njia ya furaha ya kuwaletea injili ya Bwana wetu Yesu Kristo.With respect to our own immediate connections, we have within these few years been favoured with some tokens for good, granted in answer to prayer, which should encourage us to persist, and increase in that important duty. I trust our monthly prayer-meetings for the success of the gospel have not been in vain. It is true a want of importunity too generally attends our prayers; yet unimportunate, and feeble as they have been, it is to be believed that God has heard, and in a measure answered them. The churches that have engaged in the practice have in general since that time been evidently on the increase; some controversies which have long perplexed and divided the church, are more clearly stated than ever; there are calls to preach the gospel in many places where it has not been usually published; yea, a glorious door is opened, and is likely to be opened wider and wider, by the spread of civil and religious liberty, accompanied also by a diminution of the spirit of popery; a noble effort has been made to abolish the inhuman Slave-Trade, and though at present it has not been so successful as might be wished, yet it is to be hoped it will be persevered in, till it is accomplished. In the mean time it is a satisfaction to consider that the late defeat of the abolition of the Slave-Trade has proved the occasion of a praise worthy effort to introduce a free settlement, at Sierra Leona, on the coast of Africa; an effort which, if succeeded with a divine blessing, not only promises to open a way for honourable commerce with that extensive country, and for the civilization of its inhabitants, but may prove the happy mean of introducing amongst them the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ.

Haya ni matukio yasiyopaswa kupuuzwa; hayapaswi kuhesabiwa kuwa madogo; na hata hivyo labda ni madogo ikilinganishwa na yale yangetarajiwa, kama wote wangeingia kwa moyo katika roho ya pendekezo, hata kufanya jambo la Kristo kuwa lao wenyewe, au kwa maneno mengine kuwa na wasiwasi nalo kana kwamba faida yao wenyewe inategemea mafanikio yake. Kama wasiwasi mtakatifu ungetawala katika makusanyiko yote ya Wakristo kwa ajili ya ufalme wa Mkombozi wao, huenda tungeona kabla ya sasa, si tu mlango uliofunguliwa kwa injili, bali pia wengi wakienda huku na huko, na maarifa yakiongezeka; au matumizi ya bidii ya njia hizo ambazo majaliwa yameziweka katika uwezo wetu, yakiambatana na baraka kubwa kuliko ya kawaida kutoka mbinguni.These are events that ought not to be over-looked; they are not to be reckoned small things; and yet perhaps they are small compared with what might have been expected, if all had cordially entered into the spirit of the proposal, so as to have made the cause of Christ their own, or in other words to have been so solicitous about it, as if their own advantage depended upon its success. If an holy solicitude had prevailed in all the assemblies of Christians in behalf of their Redeemer’s kingdom, we might probably have seen before now, not only an open door for the gospel, but many running to and fro, and knowledge increased; or a diligent use of those means which providence has put in our power, accompanied with a greater blessing than ordinary from heaven.

Wengi hawawezi kufanya chochote ila kuomba, na sala labda ndiyo kitu pekee ambacho Wakristo wa madhehebu yote wanaweza kuungana kwa moyo na bila masharti; lakini katika hili tunaweza sote kuwa kitu kimoja, na katika hili umoja kamili unapaswa kutawala. Kama mwili wote ungehuishwa hivyo kwa roho moja, ni kwa furaha gani Wakristo wangehudhuria wajibu wote wa dini, na ni kwa shangwe gani wahudumu wao wangeshughulikia shughuli zote za wito wao.Many can do nothing but pray, and prayer is perhaps the only thing in which Christians of all denominations can cordially, and unreservedly unite; but in this we may all be one, and in this the strictest unanimity ought to prevail. Were the whole body thus animated by one soul, with what pleasure would Christians attend on all the duties of religion, and with what delight would their ministers attend on all the business of their calling.

Hatupaswi kutosheka hata hivyo kwa kuomba tu, bila kujitahidi kutumia njia za kupata yale tunayoyaomba. Kama wana wa nuru wangekuwa na busara katika kizazi chao kama wana wa ulimwengu huu, wangeshikilia kila mshipa kupata zawadi tukufu kama hiyo, wala wasidhani kamwe kwamba inaweza kupatikana kwa njia nyingine yoyote.We must not be contented however with praying, without exerting ourselves in the use of means for the obtaining of those things we pray for. Were the children of light, but as wise in their generation as the children of this world, they would stretch every nerve to gain so glorious a prize, nor ever imagine that it was to be obtained in any other way.

Kampuni ya biashara inapopata hati yake ya idhini kwa kawaida huenda hadi mipaka yake ya mwisho; na mtaji wake, meli zake, maofisa wake, na watu wake huchaguliwa na kupangwa hivyo, ili wapate kutimiza kusudi lao; lakini hawaishii hapa, kwa maana wakitiwa moyo na matarajio ya mafanikio, hutumia juhudi zote, hutupa mkate wao juu ya maji, hukuza urafiki na kila mtu ambaye wanatarajia kupata faida hata kidogo kutokana na habari zake. Huvuka bahari pana zaidi na zenye dhoruba kali, na kukabiliana na hali ya hewa isiyofaa zaidi; hujiingiza katika mataifa ya kishenzi zaidi, na wakati mwingine hupitia magumu ya kuhuzunisha zaidi; akili zao hubaki katika hali ya wasiwasi na mashaka, na kuchelewa zaidi ya kawaida kwa kufika kwa vyombo vyao huwatikisa kwa mawazo elfu ya kubadilika-badilika, na hofu za kutabiri mabaya, ambazo huendelea hadi mapato mengi yanapofika salama bandarini. Lakini kwa nini hofu hizi? Kutoka wapi wasiwasi huu wote, na kazi hii? Je, si kwa sababu roho zao huingia katika roho ya mradi, na furaha yao kwa namna fulani inategemea mafanikio yake?—Wakristo ni mwili ambao masilahi yao ya kweli zaidi yamo katika kuukuza ufalme wa Masihi. Hati yao ya idhini ni pana sana, vitia moyo vyao ni vikubwa mno, na mapato yaliyoahidiwa ni makubwa kupita faida zote za ushirika wenye faida kubwa kuliko yote. Basi kila mmoja katika nafasi yake na ajione kuwa amefungwa kutenda kwa nguvu zake zote, na kwa kila njia inayowezekana kwa ajili ya Mungu.When a trading company have obtained their charter they usually go to its utmost limits; and their stocks, their ships, their officers, and men are so chosen, and regulated, as to be likely to answer their purpose; but they do not stop here, for encouraged by the prospect of success, they use every effort, cast their bread upon the waters, cultivate friendship with every one from whose information they expect the least advantage. They cross the widest and most tempestuous seas, and encounter the most unfavourable climates; they introduce themselves into the most barbarous nations, and sometimes undergo the most affecting hardships; their minds continue in a state of anxiety, and suspence, and a longer delay than usual in the arrival of their vessels agitates them with a thousand changeful thoughts, and foreboding apprehensions, which continue till the rich returns are safe arrived in port. But why these fears? Whence all these disquietudes, and this labour? Is it not because their souls enter into the spirit of the project, and their happiness in a manner depends on its success?—Christians are a body whose truest interest lies in the exaltation of the Messiah’s kingdom. Their charter is very extensive, their encouragements exceeding great, and the returns promised infinitely superior to all the gains of the most lucrative fellowship. Let then every one in his station consider himself as bound to act with all his might, and in every possible way for God.

Tuseme kundi la Wakristo makini, wahudumu na watu binafsi, wangejiunda kuwa jumuiya, na kuweka kanuni kadhaa kuhusu upangaji wa mpango, na watu watakaoajiriwa kama wamisionari, njia za kugharimia matumizi, n.k., n.k. Jumuiya hii lazima iwe na watu ambao mioyo yao iko katika kazi, watu wa dini makini, wenye roho ya uvumilivu; lazima kuwe na azimio la kutokubali mtu yeyote ambaye si wa maelezo haya, wala kumbakisha zaidi ya anapostahili.Suppose a company of serious Christians, ministers and private persons, were to form themselves into a society, and make a number of rules respecting the regulation of the plan, and the persons who are to be employed as missionaries, the means of defraying the expence, &c. &c. This society must consist of persons whose hearts are in the work, men of serious religion, and possessing a spirit of perseverance; there must be a determination not to admit any person who is not of this description, or to retain him longer than he answers to it.

Kutoka kwa jumuiya kama hiyo kamati inaweza kuteuliwa, ambayo kazi yake iwe kupata habari zote inazoweza kuhusu jambo hili, kupokea michango, kuchunguza tabia, hali ya moyo, uwezo na mitazamo ya kidini ya wamisionari, na pia kuwapatia mahitaji ya kazi zao.From such a society a committee might be appointed, whose business it should be to procure all the information they could upon the subject, to receive contributions, to enquire into the characters, tempers, abilities and religious views of the missionaries, and also to provide them with necessaries for their undertakings.

Lazima pia walipe uangalifu mkubwa kwa mitazamo ya wale wanaochukua kazi hii; kwa kukosa hili misheni za Visiwa vya Viungo, zilizotumwa na Kampuni ya Kiholanzi ya Indies Mashariki, zilifisidika upesi, wengi wakienda zaidi kwa ajili ya kukaa mahali ambako faida ya kidunia iliwaalika kuliko kuwahubiria Wahindi maskini. Hili upesi lilileta watu wengi wavivu, au wasiokuwa na maadili, ambao maisha yao yalikuwa aibu kwa mafundisho waliyoyahubiri: na kwa njia yao injili ilifukuzwa kutoka Ternate, mwaka 1694, na Ukristo ukaingia katika sifa mbaya sana katika sehemu nyingine.They must also pay a great attention to the views of those who undertake this work; for want of this the missions to the Spice Islands, sent by the Dutch East-India Company, were soon corrupted, many going more for the sake of settling in a place where temporal gain invited them, than of preaching to the poor Indians. This soon introduced a number of indolent, or profligate persons, whose lives were a scandal to the doctrines which they preached: and by means of whom the gospel was ejected from Ternate, in 1694, and Christianity fell into great disrepute in other places.

Kama kuna sababu yoyote ya mimi kutumaini kwamba nitakuwa na ushawishi wowote juu ya ndugu zangu, na Wakristo wenzangu, labda utakuwa zaidi kati ya wale wa madhehebu yangu mwenyewe. Kwa hiyo ningependekeza kwamba jumuiya na kamati kama hiyo iundwe kati ya madhehebu ya Wabaptisti Maalumu.If there is any reason for me to hope that I shall have any influence upon any of my brethren, and fellow Christians, probably it may be more especially amongst them of my own denomination. I would therefore propose that such a society and committee should be formed amongst the particular baptist denomination.

Sikusudii kwa hili, kwa namna yoyote, kuiwekea kikomo madhehebu moja ya Wakristo. Natamani kwa moyo wangu wote kwamba kila mmoja anayempenda Bwana wetu Yesu Kristo kwa unyofu, ajihusishe nayo kwa njia moja au nyingine. Lakini katika hali ya sasa ya Jumuiya ya Kikristo iliyogawanyika, kuna uwezekano zaidi wa mema kufanyika kwa kila madhehebu kujihusisha na kazi hiyo kwa kutengana, kuliko kama wangeianza kwa pamoja. Kuna nafasi ya kutosha kwa sisi sote, bila kuingiliana; na kama hakuna uingiliaji usio wa kirafiki, kila madhehebu ingebeba nia njema kwa nyingine, na kutakia na kuombea mafanikio yake, ikiiona kuwa kwa jumla ni ya kirafiki kwa jambo kuu la dini ya kweli; lakini kama wote wangechanganyika, huenda mifarakano yao ya faragha ingeweka kizuizi juu ya roho zao, na kuchelewesha sana manufaa yao ya hadharani.I do not mean by this, in any wise to confine it to one denomination of Christians. I wish with all my heart, that every one who loves our Lord Jesus Christ in sincerity, would in some way or other engage in it. But in the present divided state of Christendom, it would be more likely for good to be done by each denomination engaging separately in the work, than if they were to embark in it conjointly. There is room enough for us all, without interfering with each other; and if no unfriendly interference took place, each denomination would bear good will to the other, and wish, and pray for its success, considering it as upon the whole friendly to the great cause of true religion; but if all were intermingled, it is likely their private discords might throw a damp upon their spirits, and much retard their public usefulness.

Kuhusu michango ya kugharimia matumizi, fedha bila shaka itahitajika; na tuseme matajiri wangeweka sehemu ya utajiri ambao Mungu amewafanya kuwa mawakili wake, katika kazi hii muhimu, labda ni njia chache zinazoweza kugeuka kuwa na faida bora zaidi mwishowe. Wala haipaswi kuwekewa mipaka kwa matajiri; kama watu wa hali ya wastani zaidi wangetoa sehemu, tuseme sehemu ya kumi, ya ongezeko lao la mwaka kwa Bwana, haingeendana tu na desturi ya Waisraeli, walioishi chini ya Utaratibu wa Musa, bali pia ya mababu Ibrahimu, Isaka, na Yakobo, kabla ya utaratibu huo kuanza. Wengi wa baba zetu mashuhuri kati ya Wapuritani, walifuata desturi hiyo; na kama ingefuatwa sasa, hakungekuwa na ya kutosha tu kutegemeza huduma ya injili nyumbani, na kutia moyo uhubiri wa vijijini katika maeneo yetu, bali pia kugharimia matumizi ya kupeleka injili kwa ulimwengu wa wapagani.In respect to contributions for defraying the expences, money will doubtless be wanting; and suppose the rich were to embark a portion of that wealth over which God has made them stewards, in this important undertaking, perhaps there are few ways that would turn to a better account at last. Nor ought it to be confined to the rich; if persons in more moderate circumstances were to devote a portion, suppose a tenth, of their annual increase to the Lord, it would not only correspond with the practice of the Israelites, who lived under the Mosaic Oeconomy, but of the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, before that dispensation commenced. Many of our most eminent fore-fathers amongst the Puritans, followed that practice; and if that were but attended to now, there would not only be enough to support the ministry of the gospel at home, and to encourage village preaching in our respective neighbourhoods, but to defray the expences of carrying the gospel into the heathen world.

Kama makutaniko yangefungua michango ya senti moja, au zaidi, kwa wiki, kulingana na hali zao, na kuiweka kama hazina kwa ajili ya kueneza injili, mengi yangeweza kukusanywa kwa njia hii. Kwa njia rahisi hizo, upesi wangekuwa na uwezo wa kuingiza uhubiri wa injili katika vijiji vingi vya Uingereza; ambako, ingawa watu wamewekwa ambao kazi yao ingekuwa kuwapa nuru wale wanaokaa gizani, inajulikana vyema kwamba hawana nuru hiyo. Pale ambapo hakukuwa na mtu wa kufungua nyumba yake kwa kupokea injili, jengo jingine lingeweza kupatikana kwa kiasi kidogo, na hata hapo kitu cha maana kingeweza kuokolewa kwa ajili ya kamati za Kibaptisti, au nyingine, za kueneza injili kati ya wapagani.If congregations were to open subscriptions of one penny, or more per week, according to their circumstances, and deposit it as a fund for the propogation of the gospel, much might be raised in this way. By such simple means they might soon have it in their power to introduce the preaching of the gospel into most of the villages in England; where, though men are placed whose business it should be to give light to those who sit in darkness, it is well known that they have it not. Where there was no person to open his house for the reception of the gospel, some other building might be procured for a small sum, and even then something considerable might be spared for the baptist, or other committees, for propogating the gospel amongst the heathen.

Watu wengi hivi karibuni wameacha kutumia sukari ya India ya Magharibi kwa sababu ya njia isiyo ya haki ambayo hupatikana. Familia zile zilizofanya hivyo, na hazikubadilisha chochote mahali pake, hazikusafisha mikono yao ya damu tu, bali zimeokoa akiba kwa familia zao, baadhi ya pensi sita, na baadhi ya shilingi moja kwa wiki. Kama hii, au sehemu ya hii ingewekwa kwa matumizi yaliyotajwa hapo awali, ingetosha kwa wingi. Tunahitaji tu kuweka lengo mbele yetu, na kuwa na mioyo yetu imejitoa kikamilifu katika kulifuatilia, na njia hazitakuwa ngumu sana.Many persons have of late left off the use of West-India sugar on account of the iniquitous manner in which it is obtained. Those families who have done so, and have not substituted any thing else in its place, have not only cleansed their hands of blood, but have made a saving to their families, some of six pence, and some of a shilling a week. If this, or a part of this were appropriated to the uses before-mentioned, it would abundantly suffice. We have only to keep the end in view, and have our hearts thoroughly engaged in the pursuit of it, and means will not be very difficult.

Tunahimizwa kujiwekea hazina mbinguni, ambako nondo na kutu haviharibu, na wevi hawavunji wala kuiba. Pia imetangazwa kwamba kila apandacho mtu ndicho atakachovuna. Maandiko haya yanatufundisha kwamba starehe za uzima ujao zina uhusiano wa karibu na ule wa sasa; uhusiano unaofanana na ule wa mavuno na mbegu. Ni kweli kwamba thawabu yote ni ya neema tupu, lakini hata hivyo inatia moyo; ni hazina gani, mavuno gani yatakayowangoja watu kama PAULO, na ELLIOT, na BRAINERD, na wengine, waliojitoa kabisa kwa kazi ya Bwana. Itakuwa mbinguni gani kuona maelfu mengi ya wapagani maskini, wa Waingereza miongoni mwao, waliofikishwa kumjua Mungu kwa kazi zao. Hakika taji ya kufurahia kama hii inastahili kutamaniwa. Hakika inastahili kujitoa kwa nguvu zetu zote, katika kuendeleza jambo, na ufalme, wa Kristo.We are exhorted to lay up treasure in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt, nor thieves break through and steal. It is also declared that whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap. These Scriptures teach us that the enjoyments of the life to come, bear a near relation to that which now is; a relation similar to that of the harvest, and the seed. It is true all the reward is of mere grace, but it is nevertheless encouraging; what a treasure, what an harvest must await such characters as PAUL, and ELLIOT, and BRAINERD, and others, who have given themselves wholly to the work of the Lord. What a heaven will it be to see the many myriads of poor heathens, of Britons amongst the rest, who by their labours have been brought to the knowledge of God. Surely a crown of rejoicing like this is worth aspiring to. Surely it is worth while to lay ourselves out with all our might, in promoting the cause, and kingdom of Christ.

MWISHO.FINIS.